Intraventricular hemorrhages (IVH) belong to the group of medical and social problems, as they remain one of the causes of mortality and disability among premature newborns. Identification of risk factors for the development of IVH is an urgent problem and is important in clinical medicine to help doctors conduct early intervention that can improve the survival and quality of life of children.

Objective - to determine the risk factors for the development of IVH in premature infants, based on the analysis of anamnestic, clinical, instrumental and laboratory data.

Materials and methods. In the period from 2023 to 2024, a single-stage observational comparative study was conducted. Data on 70 premature newborns were analyzed. Statistical data processing was carried out using the software package "IBM SPSS Statistics Version 25.0", Microsoft Excel.

Results. The birth weight of children was significantly lower in group 1 (p=0.048). Mothers of infants in the first group had body mass deficiency significantly more often in the 1st group (p=0.011). An analysis of the obstetric and gynecological history showed that mothers of newborns from group 1 were significantly more likely to have: severe preeclampsia (p=0.029); premature detachment of the normally located placenta (p=0,032). IVH developed more frequently with the pathological nature of childbirth and a long anhydrous period (χ²=4.480 p=0.034). Concomitant hemorrhagic syndrome accompanied by hypocoagulation in the coagulogram, as well as protein deficiency, according to biochemical blood analysis, was found in 28.6% of newborns in group 1, which increased the risk of developing IVH by 4,267 times, 95% CI [1,060-17,168].

Conclusion. The study identified risk factors for the development of IVH in premature newborns, which include body weight deficiency in women, progressive placental abruption, severe preeclampsia in mothers, prolonged spontaneous labor and prolonged anhydrous period, concomitant hemorrhagic syndrome (pulmonary, gastrointestinal bleeding, skin hemorrhages).

Objective - to evaluate the early tissue response to implantation of different types of spider silk in mice.

Materials and methods. The pilot study was conducted on 30 white mature male BALB/c mice (20±5 g) divided into 6 groups: intact animals, sham-operated animals (control), and 4 groups with spider silk implantation. The spiderweb was collected by pulling or from frames. Implantation was performed under zoletil-xylazine anesthesia, the material was placed subcutaneously in the the interscapular area. After 7 days, the histology by hematoxylin-eosin staining and the thickness of the inflammatory infiltrate were assessed.

Results. Histological examination of tissues revealed an inflammatory reaction in all experimental groups and was characterized by polymorphonuclear leukocyte activity and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. By the 7^th day of the experiment, foreign body giant cells and epithelioid cells were absent, indicating the absence of a granulomatous reaction. Morphometric assessment of the thickness of the perifocal inflammation zone showed a statistically significant increase in the thickness of the infiltrate in the groups with Chilobrachys dyscolus, Harpactira pulchripes, and Nephila pilipes spider silk compared to the control group. However, no differences were found between the experimental groups.

Conclusion. All studied types of spiderweb caused acute inflammation with polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration without granulomatosis. No statistically significant differences in the severity of the reaction between different types of silk were found.

The study of the characteristics of ischemic stroke in young patients seems relevant, since a detailed assessment of risk factors is necessary to improve prevention, and information on the anamnesis, clinical, instrumental and laboratory data is important for predicting disease outcomes.

Objective - to analyze risk factors, clinical and diagnostic characteristics, and hospital outcomes of ischemic stroke in young patients.

Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of medical records of patients with ischemic stroke aged 18 to 45 years was performed. In the process of studying the clinical and diagnostic characteristics of ischemic stroke, the following were taken into account: gender and age of patients, socioeconomic status, bad habits and concomitant somatic pathology, results of instrumental and laboratory studies, features of distribution by subtypes, dynamics of neurological deficit according to the NIHSS, Rivermead, Rankin scales depending on the subtype. Statistical analysis of the obtained results was performed using the arithmetic mean and standard deviation, frequency and proportion (in %), Student's t-test.

Results. The study revealed reliable age, gender, and clinical diagnostic features of ischemic stroke in young patients: the largest number of cases was observed among men aged 35 to 45 years, the main risk factors were a sedentary lifestyle, chronic stress, smoking, hypertension, hyperfibrinogenemia, and dyslipidemia. Concomitant pathology was represented by existing and newly diagnosed cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus. Cryptogenic and lacunar subtypes of mild stroke in the internal carotid artery with motor impairments prevailed, with significantly significant criteria for a favorable rehabilitation prognosis.

Conclusion. The results of the study confirmed the importance of monitoring risk factors for ischemic stroke, primarily in men aged 35 to 45 years, the importance of timely detection, treatment and prevention of concomitant pathology, and an extended diagnostic search. Key words: ischemic stroke, young patients, risk factors, concomitant diseases, pathogenetic subtypes, medical rehabilitation.

Objective - to evaluate the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with bronchial asthma in comorbid patients based on the analysis of data from the registry of patients with bronchial asthma in the Kursk region.

Materials and methods. A retrospective randomized study of 3698 patients with bronchial asthma included in the registry of patients with bronchial asthma in the Kursk region was conducted, of which concomitant (comorbid) pathology was detected in 3158 patients (85,4%), and isolated bronchial asthma was detected in 540 patients (14,6%).

Results. According to the results of the asthma control test, the controlled course of bronchial asthma was registered in only one third of patients (36%), partial control in 49%, and in 15% of patients, despite the etiopathogenetic therapy, asthma has an uncontrolled course. Concomitant (comorbid) pathology was detected in 85.4% of people, while the group of patients with bronchial asthma without concomitant pathology accounted for 13,6% of patients in the Registry. The duration of bronchial asthma with concomitant pathology is 14,5±0,8 years, and in patients without comorbid pathology - 5,8±0,4 years. Coronary heart disease was registered in 41.2% of patients with bronchial asthma, a history of myocardial infarction in 4,5%, cardiac arrhythmias in 14,6%, hypertension in 72,8%, chronic heart failure was diagnosed in 33% of patients on the Registry. Comorbid patients were more likely to have exacerbations, unscheduled visits to doctors, and calls for emergency medical teams, especially when bronchial asthma was combined with hypertension and/or coronary heart disease.

Conclusion. Based on the analysis of the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with bronchial asthma included in the registry of patients with bronchial asthma in the Kursk region, the most common phenotype of a comorbid patient suffering from bronchial asthma was determined, the effectiveness of preventive and diagnostic measures was assessed, as well as the effectiveness of treatment, which should be used by health care organizers, district physicians and internists in hospitals, general practitioners and pulmonologists to develop prevention methods and algorithms for timely diagnosis, as well as rational planning of the volume of anti-asthmatic care to the population.

To date, data have been accumulated indicating the high efficiency of high-dose immunosuppressive therapy with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HDIT-AHSCT) and the possibility of maintaining and improving the quality of life of patients with autoimmune diseases (AIDs) after it. The experience of using HDIT-AHSCT in the world by 2025 is 30 years, in our country - 27 years. However, despite this, the method is still considered experimental and is not included in the Clinical Guidelines for the relevant nosologies.

Objective - to present an effective potentially single-use method for the treatment of AIDs; to describe the world experience of using HDIT-AHSCT in the treatment of some AIDs.

The article describes the application points and capabilities of the immune reconstitution method for stabilizing and treating severe autoimmune diseases such as systemic scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis. Thus, HDIT-AHSCT is a highly effective method for treating aggressive and refractory forms of AIDs, provided that it is used in a timely manner - at the stage of predominance of active autoimmune inflammation over the processes of damage to target organs and systems.

Objective - to investigate the combined influence of maternal diseases during pregnancy and preconception anthropometric parameters (BMI) on the weight of newborns from a regional perspective.

Materials and methods. A retrospective single-center observational study was conducted using data from 5477 pregnant women monitored at the Kirov Regional Clinical Perinatal Center between 2016 and 2022. Two main groups were identified: women with diseases (n = 1243) and women without diseases (n = 4234). Additionally, participants were stratified based on BMI levels (below normal, normal, elevated). Cases involving multiple pregnancies, obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²), and incomplete data were excluded. The statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, ANOVA, multiple linear regression, and logistic regression.

Results. The study demonstrated that maternal diseases-including hypertensive disease, preeclampsia, diabetes mellitus, SARS-CoV-2 infection, and fetoplacental insufficiency-significantly reduced the weight of the newborn (p<0.001). A low BMI (< 18.5 kg/m²) intensified the negative effects of these diseases, thereby increasing the risk of delivering infants with hypotrophy. Conversely, an elevated BMI (25.0-29.9 kg/m²) was associated with an 8-10% increase in newborn weight, partially counterbalancing the adverse influence of maternal diseases.

Conclusion. Maternal diseases and BMI are crucial factors determining newborn weight. The identified association underscores the importance of a personalized approach to pregnancy management, including meticulous health monitoring and the optimization of maternal anthropometric parameters to reduce the risk of hypotrophy and enhance perinatal outcomes.

Objective - the study of the influence of medical and social factors on the dental health of patients living in the Kursk region.

Materials and methods. A medical and social survey was conducted of 613 dental patients (198 men and 415 women) aged 18 to 89 years, permanently residing in the Kursk region (the cities of Kursk, Zheleznogorsk, Kurchatov). The data obtained was processed statistically.

Results. The results made it possible to identify the features of socio-demographic, socio-hygienic, socio-psychological factors influencing dental health, as well as the degree of accessibility of dental care to patients of different ages and genders living in the Kursk region.

Conclusion. The conducted research is the theoretical basis for the development of measures aimed at reducing the dental morbidity of the population, taking into account the regional living conditions of patients.

Objective - to develop mathematical models to determine the likelihood of having intrapelvic anastomoses of the inferior gluteal artery (IGA) in men and women.

Materials and methods. Numerical data for discriminant analysis were obtained as a result of studies on 132 unfixed corpses of men (aged 40 to 60 years) and 60 corpses of women (aged 35 to 74 years). To achieve the set goal, the following methods were used: preparation, morphometry, injection of blood vessels, somatotyping, mathematical modeling.

Results. It was found that statistically significant predictor variables for the linear discriminant function are the values of the length and diameter of the IGA in men and women. The probability of presence of intrapelvic anastomoses of the IGA in men, determined using a mathematical model, was 89.6%, in women - 91.0%. The assignment of each new study case to a group of males with a high or low probability of having intrapelvic anastomoses can be calculated using the following formulas: y₀=-305,534+1,912x₁+4,36x₂ and y₁=-324,91+4,543x₁+6,599x₂, in groups of females - y₀=-17,997+5,425x₁+5,509x₂ and y₁=-56,263+10,249x₁+9,298x₂. Where x₁ is the value of the diameter of the IGA for each new case and x₂ is the value of the length of the IGA for each new case. If y₀>y₁, then the man or woman belongs to the group with a low probability of having intrapelvic anastomoses of the IGA. If y₀<y₁, then people belong to a group with a high probability of having similar intrapelvic collaterals.

Conclusion. The developed mathematical models can predict the presence or absence of intrapelvic anastomoses of the IGA in men and women with sufficiently high accuracy.

Objective - to study the antioxidant activity of the extracts from fruiting bodies of fomitoid fungi growing in the Republic of Belarus.

Materials and Methods. Fruiting bodies of Piptoporus betulinus , Inonotus obliquus , and Fomes fomentarius were collected from silver birch; Ganoderma applanatum - from oak; Phellinus igniarius , Laetiporus sulphureus and Fomitopsis pinicola - from pine; and Ganoderma lingzhi was cultivated on an oak sawdust-based substrate. Total hydroalcoholic extracts were obtained using the remaceration method. For fractionated extracts, the crushed raw material was sequentially extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus using petroleum ether (40-70), chloroform, ethyl acetate, and 96% ethanol (rectified). The antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed by determining the total phenolic content, radical-scavenging activity against DPPH^●, ABTS⁺, and NO^●, as well as chelating activity towards Cu²⁺ and Fe²⁺.

Results. It was found that among the extracts of polypore fungi fruiting bodies and their fractions, the level of radical-scavenging and chelating activity correlated with the total phenolic content. Among the studied fungi, the extracts of F. fomentarius and Ph. igniarius exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, surpassing the effect of chaga extract. Among the fractions, ethyl acetate extracts were the most effective.

Conclusion. The obtained results reveal new accessible natural raw material sources for the production of highly effective mushroom-derived antioxidants. The extracts of F. fomentarius and Ph. igniarius are of particular interest for further pharmaceutical development.

Objective - to obtain an extract of dry Erodium cicutarium L., and to study its antioxidant effect on white rats with experimental hepatitis.

Materials and methods. The object of the study is the hemlock crane grass ( Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'hér. ex Aiton.), harvested in 2023 during the mass flowering period in the Baikal region. The extract was obtained by dynamic maceration. The sum of the active substances - phenolic carboxylic acids and flavonoids - was determined using a spectrophotometric method using a SF-2000 spectrophotometer (Russia) in quartz cuvettes with an absorbing layer thickness of 1 cm at a wavelength of 325 and 410 nm, respectively. Experimental hepatitis was reproduced by intragastric administration of tetracycline to rats at a dose of 1 g/kg body weight for 5 days. Simultaneously, from the 2^nd day of the experiment and for 14 days, the animals were treated with the studied extract. The antioxidant effect of the extract was assessed by the level of malonic dialdehyde and diene conjugates in the blood on days 7 and 14. The experimental results were processed statistically using the Student's t-test.

Results. The optimal technological parameters for obtaining a dry extract from the herb Erodium cicutarium L., which ensures the maximum yield of active substances and extractives, are the following: the degree of grinding of raw materials is 3 mm, the extractant is 50% ethyl alcohol, the ratio of raw materials:extractant is 1:14. During pharmacological studies of the obtained extract, there was a decrease in the values of diene conjugates and malonic aldehyde in the blood of rats by 27% and 14%, respectively, relative to the control. At the same time, on the 14^th day, the studied extract contributed to a further decrease in these indicators to 29% and 19%, respectively.

Conclusion. The obtained extract from the herb Erodium cicutarium L. contained the maximum amounts of active substances, the results of a pharmacological study showed its high antioxidant activity, which indicates its potential effectiveness in combating oxidative stress.

The shoots of the hawthorn are a promising raw material of the Far Eastern phytocenoses, deserving the attention of domestic medicine. One of the classes of biologically active substances that ensure the pharmacotherapeutic activity of the plant are procyanidins.

Objective - development of a methodology for quantitative determination of the sum of procyanidins in shoots of hawthorn pistonadrass using the surface response methodology and the Box-Behnken plan.

Materials and methods. The shoots of the hawthorn were harvested in 2024 during the beginning phase of flowering in the natural population in Khabarovsk Territory. For quantitative determination of procyanidins, we used a modified Porter method based on acid hydrolysis of oligomeric procyanidins to anthocyanidins in the presence of a Fe³⁺ catalyst. The tests were performed on a UV-1700 spectrophotometer, Shimadzu (Japan). Statistical processing of the results was carried out in accordance with the GF XV edition of the OFS.1.1.0013 "Statistical processing of the results of physical, physico-chemical and chemical tests" using Microsoft Office Excel 2010 and Statistica 6.0 software packages.

Results. During the development of the technique, the conditions for the extraction of procyanidins from the shoots of hawthorn were optimized using the surface response methodology and the Box-Benken plan. It has been established that the maximum yield of procyanidins is achieved with the following combination of parameters: the extractant is ethyl alcohol 54%; the ratio of the mass of the raw material to the volume of the extractant is 1:116, the duration of extraction is 45 minutes. The single extraction mode is sufficient to yield a soluble fraction of procyanidins.

Conclusion. A technique has been developed for the quantitative spectrophotometric determination sum of procyanidins in the shoots of hawthorn, which will be used in solving a number of issues related to the standardization of Crataegus pinnatifida .