The study investigates epidemiology of microorganisms, responsible for the development of septic surgical infections in sick persons who underwent inpatient treatment in a large referral state hospital - Dodoma Regional Hospital, Tanzania in November 2014 - March 2015 as well as nurses’ carriage of opportunistic pathogens. The assessment of isolated microorganisms’ sensitivity to common antibacterial agents was conducted. The study included analysis of the consistency of drugs initially administered for the patients’ treatment (therapia ex juvantibus) to the results of microbiological sensitivity tests. The study attempted to select candidates for the role of nosocomial infections in the hospital. The list of practical recommendations was developed for the prevention of the circulation of such infectious agents among patients and medical staff.

High levels of respiratory morbidity among soldiers represent a serious challenge to the medical service of internal military forces of Ministry of Interior Affairs in Russia. In the course of the study the authors found out that the respiratory morbidity is significantly affected by bed availability in a medical division. The highest needs for beds arise from the beginning of December to mid-February. Deploying supernumerary insulator wards before the epidemiologically unfavorable period halves the incidence of community-acquired pneumonia, and the registered community-acquired pneumonia to acute respiratory infections ratio makes up to 1: 18.5.

The occurrence of the main dentoalveolar anomalies in cadets of highest military educational institutions is studied on the basis of dental inspection of 1,746 males aged from 17 to 25. It was established that 44.2% of the examined students suffered from various dentoalveolar anomalies. In 215 cases the cadets received orthodontic treatment with the use of edgewise-technique (bracket systems). The detection of 6 (6.1%) cadets with severe dentoalveolar anomalies (third degree) testifies to imperfection in the work of military-medical commissions which must examine prospective conscripts and contract soldiers. An adequate military-medical examination of future cadets should include a dental health assessment, in particular dentoalveolar anomalies that can be a restriction for entering military educational institutions. We concluded that there is a need for solving the examination problems of young people having dentoalveolar anomalies. These questions require specification both in the medical and legal aspects.

The article presents the results of evaluation of leflunomide impact on endothelial function and vascular stiffness parameters in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but without cardiovascular diseases. 46 patients with RA satisfying ACR (1987) or ACR/EULAR (2010) classification criteria were examined. Investigations of endothelial function and arterial stiffness, based on the pulse wave contour analysis and the reactive hyperemia test (“AngioScan-01” device used), were conducted before the treatment and 12 months thereafter. It was determined that patients with RA suffered from subclinical damage of large arteries, characterized by endothelial dysfunction at micro- and macrocirculatory levels, and the increase in augmentation (AIp), stiffness (SI), and reflection (RI) indices, whose value correlated with RA duration, DAS28 activity index, RF level, and ACCP concentration. Leflunomide use in patients with RA was accompanied by statistically significant decrease in DAS28 index. It was shown that along with high anti-inflammatory activity leflunomide is also able of decreasing the signs of subclinical arterial damage, which is confirmed by the restoration of the endothelial function both in the system of small resistant vessels (increase in amplitude occlusion index) and large muscular arteries (increase in the value of phase shift between channels), and the decrease in stiffness of large arteries.

In the article we give a reason of using the new less traumatic method of surgical management of femoral neck fractures. The technique is based on putting into practice a new elastic-tense pinscrew implant, which consists of standard wires 2 mm in diameter, cortical screws, and the holdfast of the original design. With the help of the holdfast all components are integrated in the united elastic-tense system. It provides the sufficient durability of fixing the fragments. There is no need for immobilisation after the surgery, so it gives the possibility to move hip joint without axial tension. The application of the new fixator provides fixation stability, reduces the contact between the implant and the bone without traumatic detachment of soft tissues. Thus, the method will allow making a patient more active.

The dynamic change in the socio-cultural environment and economic conditions of life in modern society makes it necessary to conduct the repeated research of peptic ulcer (PU) risk factors. The article presents the results of analyzing risk factors’ data of 176 patients who were treated in hospitals of the city of Kursk during the period from 2002 till 2012. It was revealed that the percentage of unemployed among such patients reached 44.9% (m = 3.7), though the most (75.6%) of the patients were of employable age, and the average age amounted to 48.1 years (m = 1.23). It was shown that the presence of PU has a significant negative impact on the patients’ financial state, eventually increasing the treatment costs ratio (z = 0.46, P<0.01), with a concomitant age-related increase in expenditures on food (z = 0.11, P<0.05). The article also presents the effect of pernicious habits, professional hazards, and stresses on duration of the disease, and the degree of severity.

The new method of applying a suture during hepatic resection was developed. It consists in applying a double spiral uninterrupted hemostatic suture after resection. The method approved in the 24 dogs experiment revealed good results. The application of the technique developed accelerates suturing, provides a reliable hemostasis, ensures uniform compression on the vascular and bile formations of liver parenchyma at the manipulation area, and significantly reduces the ischemic area of the liver stump, which lies distal to sutures. It minimizes the chance of postoperative necrosis of this area and reduces the number of possible residual cavities between the wound surface of the liver and epiploon portion. It contributes to far more successful surgical results with minimum postoperative complications.

The study of occurrence of main dentoalveolar anomalies among young men residing in St. Petersburg and Leningrad region is based on dental inspection of 2,854 males aged from 17 to 21 years. It is established that 72.2% of the teenagers examined suffer from various dentoalveolar anomalies including distal occlusion - 20.5%, mesial occlusion - 10.2%, overbite - 16.2%, crossbite - 5.3%, open bite - 7.3%. Misplacement and teeth crowding (7.3%) as well as diastema (5.4%) were noted as the most often dentoalveolar anomalies among young men. Among young men residing in St. Petersburg 55.4% examined teenagers underwent orthodontic treatmen, with 59.7% - in municipal health clinics, and 40.3% - in private dental clinics and surgeries. Among residents of Leningrad region orthodontic treatment was received by 44.6% of young men; 22.5% of them- in municipal clinics, and 77.5% - in private dental surgeries. There are some difficulties in providing orthodontic treatment to persons living in suburbs of the megalopolis.

The temperature ergoprotective effect occurs in the experimental animals’ body when exposed to the narrow range of moderately high temperatures (between 30 and 45^oC), multiple repetition of exposure and 48-hour recovery period thereafter. The introduction of thiamine increases the effect of temperature action, and its combined administration with biotin improves physical performance of the experimental animals. The repeated exposure to temperature led to the training effect which was not corrected by thiamin and biotin actions. The use of antioxidant vitamins accelerates the recovery process after exposure to extreme physical exertion at high temperatures. The animals having fasted for 10 days developed the less pronounced ergoprotective effect of moderately high ambient temperature and vitamins compared to those on the standard diet.

On the basis of studying the morphometric characteristics of a clavicle of an adult, the muscles attached to it, and the feeding vessels we developed the anatomic substantiation for the possibility of non-vascularized bone graft formation on a musculovascular pedicle in the chest and acromial parts of a clavicle and its shift to the middle part. The minimum, maximum, and average values of key parameters of a clavicle and musculovascular pedicle in adult men and women were studied. The sizes of non-vascularized bone grafts of a clavicle which were formed on the basis of chest or deltoid branches of thoracoacromial artery were established. They made 3 cm long and 0.4 cm thick. The possibility of shifting these grafts to the middle part of a clavicle body up to 5 cm is experimentally proved. The use of non-vascularized bone grafts of a clavicle for treatment of non-unions and bone defects of the middle part of a clavicle body is recommended.

The mechanism of cardioprotective action of erythropoietin is fundamentally different from that of statins, so it seems appropriate to use the combined administration of recombinant erythropoietin "Darbopoietin alpha" (500 mcg / kg) with simvastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, and nanoparticulate rosuvastatin against the background of modeling sepsis-induced disease through the introduction of 603 Staphylococcus aureus strain in order to detect the endothelio- and cardioprotective effects which manifested itself in preventing the proliferation of endothelial dysfunction coefficient, adrenoreactivity, maintaining myocardial reserve and the normalization of the values of biochemical markers (Total NO, expression of eNOS, C-reactive protein, IL-6, TNF). Thus, the combined application of recombinant erythropoietin "Darbopoietin alpha" (500 mg / kg) with statins revealed the additive effect.

The research purpose was to study the influence of echinacea purple extract on height of proper gastric glands, total amount of cells, and number of parietal cells in one proper fundus gland of rats` stomach. The experiment was conducted on sixty mature outbred white male rats, divided into two experimental groups. The first group consisted of intact rats, the second one- rats having exposed to echinacea purple extract. The proper gastric gland height measurement was carried out, and the number of all cells and parietal cells in one proper fundus gland of rats` stomach was calculated with the light-optical microscopy using a digital morphometric complex after preliminary coloring the sections with hematoxylin-eosin. The echinacea purple extract application increases the studied parameters, which remains after its action has completed.

We studied the effects of iron homeostasis on the mechanisms of innate immunity. Latent iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia were accompanied by a decrease in the functional activity of cellular and humoral innate immunity that is expressed in the reduction of all parameters of phagocytosis, the activities of the complement system, and the bactericidal activity of serum. Immunosuppression depended on the degree of anemia. The experimental modeling of serum iron deficit and excess revealed that phagocytic activity did not apparently depend on the presence and concentrations of iron chelator, and bactericidal activity of serum decreased both in serum iron deficit and excess. The study shows the importance of maintaining a narrow range of iron concentrations within which the host interaction with pathogens occurs. The change in this optimal range for the host organism leads to the increased susceptibility to pathogens.

The development of basic biochemical syndromes of liver damage (cytolysis, intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholestasis, intracellular cholestasis with jaundice and toxic lesions of hepatocytes, insufficient synthetic processes, insufficiency inflammation) and activation of free radical oxidation at systemic and local (erythrocytes) levels was established in experimental acute toxic tetrachlormetan liver damage. Humoral factors of culture fluid of fetal hepatocytes in allogeneic recipients with acute toxic hepatopathy correct the systemic and local metabolic disorders arising due to hepatotropic poison exposure more effectively as compared to culture fluid of xenogeneic hepatocytes and fibroblasts.

The experiments on rats revealed the increase in non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), cholesterol, triglycerides, and low- and high-density lipoproteins in blood plasma after immobilization stress. The injections of melatonin in the doses 0.2 and 1.0 mg/kg had no significant influence on lipid metabolism indices. The administration of hormone in both doses caused the increase in high-density lipoproteins (HDL) content 39 hours after immobilization as compared with thecontrol group. On the fourth day the decrease in NEFA concentration was observed in blood plasma of rats which had been injected with melatonin in the dose 1.0 mg/kg as compared with the control group. Lower LDL concentration as compared to the control group was revealed after melatonin administration in the dose 0.2 mg/kg. The increase in LDL concentration in rats having received melatonin in the dose 1.0 mg/kg was observed on the seventh day after immobilization.

The study was aimed at increasing effectiveness of surgical treatment of patients with pancreonecrosis through improving blood supply of pancreatic and hepatic tissues with the vessels of the greater omentum. During the experiment acute pancreatitis was modelled in animals by injecting their bile into pancreatic tissue. The areas of the best blood supply and vessels saturation of at least 90-97% were revealed in the greater omentum. Amplitude of pulse oscillations (APO) of the pancreas averaged 2.0±0.3 mm. 3 days later clinical manifestations of acute pancreatitis were revealed in the animals. Necrotic areas of the pancreas determined by intraoperative pulsography were removed. The greater omentum was dissected into two unequal parts closer to the left margin. The pancreas was covered with the left margin of the greater omentum. The remaining part of the greater omentum was placed on the liver. After wrapping the pancreas in the left margin of the greater omentum APO averaged 1.2±0.2 mm. This method was used at clinics while treating people.

Nitric oxide radical (NO•) is an important mediator of both physiological and pathophysiological processes. The NO• radical is rapidly metabolized into the stable end-products - nitrite and nitrate. NO_x (nitrate and nitrite) is a stable end product of nitric oxide (NO). In most body fluids, including plasma, most of nitrite is converted into nitrate; thus, determination of nitrite alone is meaningless. The most commonly used nitrite assay is based on the Griess diazotization reaction, which is specific for nitrite and does not detect nitrate. Therefore, nitrate in samples must first be reduced to nitrite; subsequent nitrite determination, thus, yields the total nitrite + nitrate concentration of the sample. NO₃^- plus NO₂^- (NO_x) was measured as NO₂^- after enzymatic conversion of NO₃^- to NO₂^-. After the conversion, the spectrophotometric measurement of nitrite is accomplished by using the Griess Reaction. Clearly, the real value of determining NO• or its metabolites - nitrite and nitrate in clinical practice still need to be proved.

The purposeof our research is to study the topographic features of intercostal nerves in the mesogastric region of the anterior abdominal wall. We studied 88 nonfixed corpses of both sexes with no pathology of the anterior abdominal wall. Intercostal nerves in the mesogastric region of the anterior abdominal wall were dissected to determine the degree of their penetration into the rectus abdominis relative to the the low end of the costal arch and the outer edge of the rectus. The study revealed from 1 to 4 pairs of intercostal nerves in the mesogastric region of the anterior abdominal wall. Intercostal nerves penetrated into the rectus abdominis through its outer edges (52%), rather through its posterior surface (39%). To reduce the risk of intraoperative traumas of intercostal nerves we determined the degree of their penetration into the depth of the rectus abdominal muscle. The obtained data can be used to predict the topography of intercostal nerves in prosthetic hernia repair of umbilical hernias.

A method is developed for the quantitative analysis of ambroxol hydrochloride in dosage form as syrup with simultaneous determination of impurities by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. Conditions of chromatographic separation in gradient elution mode are established. Validation of the developed method was carried out in terms of specificity with respect to solvent and placebo effects, as well as the influence of sodium benzoate. The limit of detection was 0.072 µg mL-1. Linearity was determined with eight values of concentration of ambroxol hydrochloride in solution. The accuracy and precision (repeatability, in-lab precision) of the method were also evaluated. The applicability of the method for quality control of drugs was demonstrated. The proposed method was included in the Pharmacopeia.

The article introduces the results of longstanding work for developing rectal and vaginal suppositories for treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases. The approaches to choosing the rational suppository composition and technology, including Dissolution test, have been formulated. One-component suppositories containing Propranolol, Ofloxacin, Fluconazole, Azithromycin and combined suppositories containing Metronidazole and Furazolidone; Clotrimazole and Nitrofural; Clotrimazole and Cefazolin; Paracetamol, Diphenhydramine and Papaverine; Metamizole sodium and Naproxen have been created.

The work describes the interrelationship between students’ physical activity and the pre-obese state by comparing students of two different universities. The first group includes 102 people not engaged in regular physical activity (composing the bulk of young men of today) and the second group - 48 students with first senior degree. The waist - hip ratio and body mass index (BMI) were determined and anthropometric and bioimpedance study was conducted taking into account the gender differences. The study found out that the presence of physical fitness is an important factor in the pre-obese prevention.

The article presents the results of studying inner body experience in people with chronic somatic diseases, and the correlation between body experience and semantic sphere of personality based on models of health and chronic somatic disease. Body experience of a chronic somatic disease correlates with value-semantic variations that manifests in dominant negative evaluation of the past, present and future, de-emphasis of life goal-setting. The presence of morbid specific symptoms accompanied with physical sensations influences the integration of a new body experience into self-concept creating a specific perception of the body. The factors of person's maladaptive reactions on a disease such as reflexivity, locus of control are marked out. Maladaptive correlation between body experience and semantic component of personality is conditioned by blocking reflexive processes and increaseing externalization of control locus level.

The article presents the results of studies of the constructive activity in patients with chemical dependence. The constructive activities in chemical dependency without considering the lateral brain organization in the response hand segment are characterized by disintegration, disorganization, and heterogeneity. The patients with hemispheric lateral organization of the brain (left-handed patients) with alcohol and drug addiction have more organized constructive activity in comparison with the right-handed patients. Disorders of the constructive activity in chemical dependency manifest in four forms: distortion and disorder of the action sequence resulting from the program bias; disorder of the single movements and actions due to the reduction of proprioceptive sensitivity; disorder of the single movements and actions due to the decrease in their spatial organization; disorder of single movements and actions rate due to the decrease in general motor activity.