Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases: modern paradigms (literature review)

Objective - to summarize the available data on current views on the role of risk factors in the development of cardiovascular diseases.

Materials and methods. The search and analysis of sources in the Pubmed, e-library and cyberleninka databases were carried out by keywords: "risk factors for cardiovascular diseases", "arterial hypertension", "obesity", "dyslipidemia", "smoking", "hyperuricemia", "depression". The search years are 2017-2025. This descriptive review includes generalized and systematized data from 51 sources: current clinical trials, reports, and systematic reviews.

Results. The continuing high mortality rate from cardiovascular diseases determines the tendency to find ways to minimize it. It has been determined that the possibility of influencing risk factors can further prevent up to 80% of premature deaths and the burden of cardiovascular diseases. This review analyzes risk factors such as gender, age, hypertension, dyslipidelia, elevated body mass index, smoking, mental illnesses, and their contribution to the development of cardiovascular complications. It has been shown that in women, psychoemotional disorders, increased body mass index, hypertension, dyslipoproteinemia are most common, and for men, smoking and low levels of low-density lipoproteins are more common risk factors. The development of cardiovascular pathology is directly dependent on the age of the subjects. The presence of hypertension, depression, and obesity significantly worsen the prognosis and affect mortality rates from cardiovascular diseases. Smoking causes changes in the vascular wall, and as a result, atherosclerosis. Smokers have a higher risk of developing dyslipidemia, the link between cardiovascular diseases and hyperuricemia lies in the oxidative effects of uric acid, the development of endothelial dysfunction and local inflammation, which in turn contributes to the development of arteriosclerosis and aggravation of the course of existing cardiovascular diseases.

Conclusion. The study of risk factors requires closer attention due to the need to find ways to influence them to reduce mortality, morbidity and disability.

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