Objective: to study the local effects of the chitosan-collagen complex with silver nanoparticles on the wound proress, as well as its hepato- and nephrotoxic effects. Materials and methods. For the study, we used dressing samples based on high-molecular polymers, which were a highly porous sponge made of chitosan-collagen polyelectrolyte complex with the inclusion of colloidal (ultrafine) particles of metallic (zero-valent) silver. The experiment was performed on white Wistar rats. Evaluation of the results was carried out on the basis of planimetric, bacteriological, histological, biochemical, and hematological methods. The results are statistically processed. Results. It was revealed that by the 15^th day the wound area had decreased by 96% of the original size, the maximum healing rate was noted on 1-5 days of treatment, and no significant changes were found in hematological and biochemical blood tests. Histological examination of wound microscopic specimens revealed that by the 15th day the peak of the proliferative phase of inflammation had occurred, the data were also confirmed on the basis of a morphometric study and a hydroxyproline test. Conclusion. The study revealed that the use of chitosan-collagen complex with silver nanoparticles has a positive effect on the course of the wound process by reducing the microbial contamination of the wound, stimulating tissue regeneration, with no negative effect on the liver and kidneys.

Objective: to study the morphological changes occurring in lung tissues in bullous emphysema and after its treatment by stimulating neocollagenogenesis. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in 60 Wistar male rats. The animals were divided into 3 equal groups, 1 group -control group (no drug administration), 2 - a group with experimentally simulated bullous emphysema (Caripazim solution was administered into rats' trachea for 4 weeks), 3 - a group with modelled bullous emphysema with solcoseryl therapy (animals were modelled bullous emphysema, like those in group 2, then they were daily administered Solcoseryl intraperitoneally in the required dosage for 14 days). To perform a cytomorphometric study with light microscopy, the drugs were stained: hematoxylin + eosin (H+E). Histological examination of laboratory animals' pulmonary micro-preparations was carried out; the dynamics of changes in the cell composition of the bronchial wall was determined by quantitative counting eosinophils, mast cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, and fibroblasts. Results. Bullous emphysema changes all structural elements of lungs: a combination of pronounced spasm and expansion of bronchioles, destruction of the walls, expansion of the alveolar passages, formation of multiple air cavities, epithelium exfoliation, peribronchial infiltration and fibrosis; disorders in the circulatory system: signs of hyperemia and anemia, narrowing of the lumen of the arterioles, hyalinosis of their walls. After Solcoseryl therapy the animals revealed severe hyperemia and pulmonary vasodilation, the walls of bronchi are preserved, destruction areas are not visualized, air cavities are rare, mostly small-sized, and pleura over them is not damaged. Conclusions. The development of bullous emphysema leads to the formation of panacinaric emphysema, fibrosis, perivascular and peribronchial infiltration (the infiltrate has the increased number of inflammatory cells), the thinning of pleura. We obtained the data indicating that Solcoseryl reduces the severity of lung tissue destruction, and contributes to reducing the inflammatory process.

Objective: to specify degree of back muscles strength deficiency in patients with osteoporosis (OP) and vertebral fractures (VF), to state associated risk factors and most informative diagnostic instruments. Materials and methods. Study comprised 60 people aged 65.43±7.12 with osteoporotic VF. The comparison group consisted of 30 people aged 61.97±5.22 without VF. The assessment of bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition was performed by dual-energy absorptiometry, the conditioned abilities were estimated by functional tests, and back muscles strength was measured with tension dynamometry. Results. Patients with VFs, unlike the comparison group, had a significant muscle strength deficiency in trunk flexors (TF) and extensors (TE) with an adequate function of the left lateral flexors (LLF) and right lateral flexors (RLF). Muscle strength negatively correlated with the number of VFs (p<0.001) and positively correlated with BMD strength of TE depended on bone mineral mass (p=0.03), strength of TF - on soft tissues mass (p=0.02), lean mass (p=0.01) and bone mineral mass (p=0.003), strength of LLF - on fat mass (p=0.03) and soft tissues mass (p=0.03). Conclusion. Osteoporotic VF are associated with a significant trunk muscles strength reduction, especially in TF and TE muscles, where non-physiological muscle strength distribution is found. In patients with osteoporotic VF, muscle mass is comparable to the group without VF, but lower values of sarcopenic index, fat mass and percentage are estimated. The strength of back muscles in patients with OP negatively correlates with number of VF, and positively correlates with fat mass, lean mass and BMD.

Objective. The aim of the research is to study the automation of fine motor skills in the functional training of patients with stroke in the early recovery period. Materials and methods: the total selection amount was 41 patients (aged 45 to 60 years) with ischemic type of stroke with a clinical diagnosis: I63 - “Brain infarction” (according to ICD-10). Neurological status was assessed using the NIHSS scale; the degree of cognitive impairment was assessed by the MMSE scale. The organization of the study included three stages: ascertaining (assessment of the initial degree of functional impairment); formative (functional learning); the stage of control testing (assessment of the dynamics of indicators before and after the passage of functional training). The study used the following methods and techniques: Frenchay arm test, a set of functional neuropsychological tests (“fence” test, Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test (ROCF), “fist-palm edge-palm” test, reciprocal coordination test), «Visual Medicine» hardware-software complex. Results. The study revealed an improvement in the functional state of the leading hand, an improvement in dynamic praxis indicators according to the differentiation and coordination criteria, an improvement in visual-constructive skills, an improvement in reciprocal coordination according to the criteria of tempo, accuracy, differentiation, and coordination. The obtained data testify to the positive dynamics of the functional state of the leading (right) hand of patients according to the tempo-dynamic, coordination and differentiating bases. Sequential activation of voluntary and automatic movements through the repeatable arbitrary start of motor programs, which are based on fine-motor actions, ensures their automation. Conclusion. The possibility of using software-hardware complex “Visual Medicine”, namely visual demonstration of patterns of both individual fine-motor actions and fine-motor actions that make up the motor program, used in functional training of patients with stroke, provides for the transition from a voluntary level of movements to an automatic one through the mirroring mechanism.

Objective. The research purpose was to evaluate the cost efficiency of treating first diagnosed patients with multidrug resistant tuberculosis. Clinical and economic efficiency of the treatment was designed and investigated in introducing a client-oriented approach. Materials and methods. To solve the research problems we analyzed the official 2012-2014 annual statistical reports of Tuberculosis Control Service in Karelia Republic and 115 medical cards of adult patients, permanent residents of Karelia Republic who had undergone in- and out-patient treatment during 2012-2014 in the Republic Tuberculosis Clinic for the first diagnosed pulmonary TB with multidrug resistance. The costs for drugs and medical items, examinations, treatment and meal in the hospital were taken into account. Results. It was established that food packs halved the treatment expenditures per one patient with primary multidrug resistant TB from 1.4 million rubles to 700 thousand rubles from 2012 till 2014. The decrease in the costs indexes of treatment per one patient is achieved by in-hospital treatment without interrupting. The returns of investments into food packs made 17 rubles in 2013 and - 31 rubles in 2014. Conclusion. This indicator shows the profitability of investments into client-oriented methods of motivating patients by way of providing social food packs.

Objective: to study the stress-protective and immunomodulatory effects of Semax under conditions of informational stress. Materials and methods. The study deals with stress-protective and immunocorrective effects of Semax (Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro) under conditions of experimental informational stress which was performed on white non-linear male rats. The formation of a stress reaction under the conditions of informational impact was confirmed by the presence of a stress triad, including adrenal hypertrophy, a decrease in the number of eosinophils in the peripheral blood and the presence of erosive-ulcerative lesions of the gastric mucosa. In addition, to assess the reactivity of the organism, the adaptation intensity index according to L.Kh. Garkavi was used as an indicator of the balance of the response of blood cells to the stress factor. Functional activity of the immune system of laboratory animals was assessed on the basis of standard immunopharmacological tests: delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (DTH), direct agglutination test (DAT), latex test for studying the phagocytic activity of peripheral blood neutrophils, evaluation of changes in the leukocyte formula. Results. It has been established that under conditions of information stress, changes in the immune response are multidirectional that confirms the theory of “immune imbalance” under the action of stress factors. As a result of studying the influence of Semax under conditions of informational stress, it was found that the drug manifested itself as an effective stress protector and immunocorrector, reducing stress-reactive manifestations, restoring cellular and humoral immunogenesis, as well as neutrophil phagocytic activity. Conclusion. This study expands the scientific research base in the field of immune reaction under stress-induced conditions, with the aim of further developing a pharmacological strategy for correcting the revealed violations by means of substances of a neuropeptide structure.

The article highlights the current issues in modern conditions which are associated with the consumption of fluoride by the population of Russia, including individual oral care products. It is noted that fluorides have unconditional physiological significance for the human body, its health, including dental. The effectiveness of fluoride drugs and their effect on the reduction of dental caries is widely documented in foreign and domestic literature and thus it is an indisputable fact. Despite the fact that there is no generally accepted agreement on the mechanism of fluorine action, there is no doubt in its anti-caries action. The most intensive inclusion of fluorides in the composition of the hard tissues of teeth occurs during their formation and mineralization. At the end of teeth growth and mineralization, the enamel and dentin become less permeable to fluoride ions. The optimal daily intake of fluoride should range between 0.05 and 0.07 mg / kg body weight. Total fluoride intake should not exceed 0.1 mg / kg of body weight per day in order to avoid the appearance of dental and bony fluorosis. Recommendations on the use of fluoride-containing oral care products are given. It was noted that the problem of preserving the somatic and dental health of the population of Russia, including the prevention of dental caries, should be addressed in the context of climate-geographical, environmental, medical and social aspects, in the solution of which fluorides should play a significant role.

Objective. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the kinetics of blood oxygen consumption in patients with atherosclerosis of various vascular pools. Materials and methods. We examined 47 patients with atherosclerosis including 25 patients with primary damage of brachiocephalic arteries and 22 patients with obliterating atherosclerosis of arteries of lower extremities. The diagnosis of atherosclerosis was established on the basis of ultrasonic duplex scanning and was confirmed by the data of angiography. The kinetics of the induced oxygen consumption in blood plasma was studied using the biological oxygen monitor. To generate free radicals formation we used 2,2’-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH). Results. We found the increased blood oxidation rate and the increase in parameters of oxygen consumption per 1 minute, oxygen consumption rate at the 30th and 40th minutes and also the decrease in oxygen semi-consumption period in patients with atherosclerosis with primary damage of brachiocephalic and peripheral arteries versus the controls. The increase in blood oxygen consumption in patients with atherosclerosis which was revealed at the 30th minute proved a higher initial level of peroxide oxidation of lipids, the increase in concentration of peroxidation products and fast exhaustion of antioxidant system as compared to the controls, with some decrease in oxygen consumption by the 40th minute that corresponded to kinetics of free radicals recession. Conclusion. Due to the systemic character of atherosclerotic process, the increase in oxygen consumption parameters which might reflect a high reactogenicity of oxidation substrate or an antioxidant defense system failure is observed in patients with atherosclerosis regardless of the primary localization of atherosclerotic damage.

Objective. The aim was to study the morphological features of the rats’ colon with stress-induced dysbiosis. Materials and methods. The work was performed on 26 Wistar male rats, which were divided into two groups: the first group was intact (control) one; the animals of the second group were under conditions of chronic restraint stress in the form of movement restriction by confining in individual plastic boxes for 2 hours daily for 14 days. After this period, the animals were taken out of the experiment, followed by sampling the colon, which was examined histologically and morphometrically. Results. Under stress, changes of an acute inflammatory nature developed, phenomena of surface architectonics reorganization were noted. The number of goblet cells was reduced; the cell composition was predominantly represented by lymphocytes, plasmocytes and macrophages, single neutrophils. A sharp increase in the number of mast cells was recorded as compared to the control, most of them being in degranulated form (type 4). The data obtained allow us to note the restructuring of the histological structures of the colon of experimental animals under the influence of chronic restraint stress and are consistent with modern ideas about the pro-inflammatory effect of stress on intestines. Conclusion. Under conditions of chronic restraint stress in the rats’ colon, the formation of dysbiosis occurs against the background of the morphological changes of inflammatory and destructive nature in its wall.

Objective: to study the effect of various factors on the extraction of Efavirenz from solutions and to develop a method for its isolation, detection and quantification from urine. Materials and methods. Pharmaceutical substance-powder and Efavirenz tablets, which meet the requirements of regulatory documents, were analyzed. To develop a method for isolating Efavirenz from biological objects, liquid-liquid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used. The results of experimental studies are statistically processed using the software package for Windows XP (Microsoft Excel) using Student's t-test. Differences were considered significant at a confidence level of p <0.05. Results. In order to optimize the methods, the conditions under which the highest yield of Efavirenz is achieved are studied: organic solvents - diethyl ether, dichloromethane; pH value - for diethyl ether pH = 3, for dichloromethane pH = 2; the electrolyte exhibiting a salting out effect is a sodium chloride solution of 20% (when isolated with diethyl ether), sodium chloride is a saturated solution (when isolated with dichloromethane); the multiplicity of extraction - triple extraction; extraction time - for three minutes with diethyl ether and for seven minutes with dichloromethane. Conclusion. The obtained results confirm method suitability, therefore, the technique can be recommended for chemical-toxicological and forensic-chemical analysis of the studied medicinal substance.

Objective: the study of the features of isolating guaiacol from a biological material by classical methods. Materials and methods. The object of the study is 2-methoxyhydroxybenzene (guaiacol) (“Fluka” company), containing ≥98% of the main substance. Models of biological matrices for the preparation of artificial mixtures with guaiacol are liver tissue and kidney. Liquid-liquid extraction is considered as the main purification method. TLC, UV spectrophotometry and HPLC are used for identification. Evaluation of the quantitative content of 2-methoxyhydroxybenzene in the extracts was carried out by the method of UV-spectrophotometry. Results. This study was conducted on the comparative isolation of 2-methoxyhydroxybenzene (guaiacol) from biological materials by a number of classical methods: Stas-Otto’s, A.A. Vasilyeva’s, V.F. Kramarenko’s and P. Valov’s methods. The TLC, UV spectrophotometry and HPLC were used to identify the isolated analyte. Quantitative assessment of the isolated compound was performed by the method of spectrophotometry in the UV region (analytical wavelength 277 nm). A modified version of the A.A. Vasilyeva’s method was devised. It provided an additional stage of extraction purification of the isolated analyte consisting of the following: transformation of guaiacol as an ionized form from the chloroform extract into a water-alkaline solution (pH 12.5-13), acidification of the water-alkaline extraction with hydrochloric acid to pH 2-3 and extraction of the resulting molecular form of guaiacol into a layer of ethyl acetate. Conclusion. Based on the modified A.A. Vasilyeva’s method, a protocol for determining guaiacol in the tissues of cadaveric organs was developed. When the content of guaiacol in the biomaterial is 0.01-0.2%, this protocol allows to analyze (33.99-34.62) ± (5.84-7.35) % of the analyte in liver tissues and (34.87-35.73 ) ± (5.66-6.97)% in kidney tissues.

The article is devoted to standardization of raw materials of prickly lettuce or compass plant of Asteraceae family. Prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola L.) is an annual or biennial herbaceous plant, and is widely spread in Central Black Earth region. Objective. The aim of the work was to develop the methods of identification and quantitative determination of flavonoids in the herb of prickly lettuce. Materials and methods. The investigation object was the herb of prickly lettuce stored in its blooming period in 2017-2018. The quality identification of flavonoids is based on thin-layer chromatography; the quantitative determination is based on spectrophotometric method. Results. When conducting quality identification the following conditions were established: Sorbfil plates on an aluminum substrate, the volume of application of the studied extraction - 10 μl; mobile phase: n. butanol-acetic acid-water (4:1:2), the standard substance is luteolin-7-glucoside (cynaroside); detection: treatment with 5% solution of aluminum chloride, viewing in UV light before and after treatment with aluminum chloride. Validation of the method was carried out according to the following parameters: specificity, robustness, reproducibility. For the quantitative determination of flavonoids, a spectrophotometric method of determination in terms of cynaroside, based on the reaction of complexation of flavonoids with aluminum chloride, has been developed. The optimal conditions for extracting were determined: the degree of grinding of raw material - 1 mm, the extractant - 70% ethyl alcohol, the extraction time - 30 minutes. Conclusion. The procedure has been developed for the quality identification and quantitative determination of flavonoids in the herb of prickly lettuce. The content of flavonoids ranged from 1.04 ± 0.05% to 1.58 ± 0.07%. The error of a single determination with a probability of 95% does not exceed 4.80%.