Антибактериальные свойства поверхностно-активных молекул бактерий рода Lactobacillus (обзор литературы)

Данный обзор посвящен анализу биологической роли и терапевтического потенциала трех ключевых компонентов клеточной стенки и метаболитов микроорганизмов рода Lactobacillus : экзополисахаридов (EPS), биосурфактантов (BS) и липотейхоевых кислот (LTA). Род Lactobacillus , обладающий статусом GRAS (общепризнанной безопасности), широко применяется в медицине и пищевой промышленности благодаря своим пробиотическим свойствам, однако механизмы его защитного действия до сих пор активно изучаются. В работе систематизированы данные о функциональных свойствах EPS, которые демонстрируют широкий спектр активности: от антиоксидантной и противоопухолевой до иммуномодулирующей и антибиопленочной. Показано, что EPS различных штаммов эффективны против Helicobacter pylori , ротавирусов и ряда грамотрицательных патогенов, подавляют факторы вирулентности, такие как виолацеин и пиоцианин. Особо подчеркивается, что функциональность EPS критически зависит от условий культивирования и молекулярной массы. Второй компонент - биосурфактанты - представляют собой амфифильные соединения, обладающие выраженной антиадгезивной и антимикробной активностью. Согласно приведенным данным, BS эффективно снижают биопленкообразование таких патогенов, как Candida albicans , Staphylococcus aureus и Streptococcus mutans , а также проявляют противовирусную активность в отношении вируса Эпштейна-Барр. Третий компонент, липотейхоевая кислота, играет ключевую роль в иммуномодуляции, подавляя провоспалительные цитокины, и препятствует адгезии кариесогенных бактерий и энтеротоксигенной E. coli . В заключение сделан вывод, что EPS, BS и LTA являются перспективными агентами для создания новых антибиопленочных и терапевтических средств. Однако отмечается, что многие исследования проведены in vitro и не полностью отражают условия in vivo , что требует дальнейшего изучения для расширения сфер применения лактобацилл в медицине и биотехнологии.

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