Hypoxic training in cardiology: new research approaches and clinical prospects (systematic review)

Objective - to identify approaches to studying the effects of hypoxic exercise (loads) on the cardiovascular system (CVS) in healthy individuals, in patients with high cardiometabolic risks, and in patients with various circulatory diseases, followed by an assessment of the potential of this method as an additional preventive and ther-apeutic-rehabilitative approach to the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Materials and methods. A thematic and semantic search was conducted across the following databases and information systems: PubMed; Wiley; WoS; Google Scholar; eLIBRARY (until December 2025) to identify randomized controlled trials eligible for inclusion in the review, comparing the effects of chronic hypoxic and normoxic exercise on cardiovascular function in individuals without cardiovascular disease, with high cardiometabolic risk factors, and in patients with cardio-vascular disease. A systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The review period was lim-ited to 10 years. Study identification. Exclusion criteria: duplicate records and studies using animal models were removed. Results. Eight randomized clinical trials (RCTs) with a total of 408 participants were selected for inclusion in the review. Search criteria: adults over 18 years of age, clinical and laboratory-instrumental parameters compared before/after: SBPmax, HR, resting blood pressure, EF. Indicators: Hb, SpO₂, blood lactate level, total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), lipid metabolism, and catecholamines. Conclusion. Intermittent hypoxic and hypoxic-hyperoxic training represent a promising non-invasive method for addi-tional prevention and rehabilitation of cardiovascular diseases. Despite the encouraging results, large, multicenter, random-ized trials are needed to standardize protocols and confirm clinical efficacy.

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