Current understanding of urinary tract infections in children (literature review)

This literature review encompasses both domestic and international studies on the characteristics of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children of various age groups, taking into account contemporary knowledge of uropathogens. Approaches to understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms of the inflammatory process have evolved due to advances in microbial diversity research using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Consequently, our understanding of clinical features and therapeutic approaches also requires revision.

Objective - to analyze and summarize the literature on the etiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of urinary tract infections in childhood.

Materials and methods. The analysis of scientific literature was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Free Medical Journal, covering publications from the last 10 years.

Results. The article presents the latest data on the etiological and epidemiological features of UTIs, considering age and gender characteristics. It is shown that molecular laboratory diagnostic methods continue to improve, encompassing not only technologies for the precise identification of uropathogen species and genera but also their contribution to the clinical course of UTIs. The determination of microbial diversity using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing will further address questions regarding the composition of the urobiome, quantitative characteristics in children of different age groups, and, consequently, the determination of optimal approaches to treatment and prevention. The issues of prescribing and duration of antibiotic therapy remain debatable, with alternative therapeutic approaches, such as the use of D-mannose-based dietary supplements in patients with uncomplicated UTIs caused by uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, being considered.

Conclusion. The implementation of modern molecular diagnostic methods for uropathogens in children with UTIs will help address questions regarding the clinical course, indications for antibiotic therapy, and the consideration of etiological factors.

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