Влияние физических упражнений на мышцы тазового дна и промежности. Основные гипотезы и утверждения

Проблема дисфункции тазового дна является одним из ключевых вопросов современной медицины. Симптомы, связанные с недостаточностью поддерживающего аппарата тазового дна, такие как пролапс и выпадение органов малого таза, недержание мочи и кала, все чаще и чаще наблюдаются у молодых женщин, а после родов третьим ребенком их частота достигает 80%. Особый интерес для современной медицины представляют женщины, профессионально занимающиеся спортом. Многие из них высоко мотивированные на достижение результата, не придают значение и не акцентируют внимание на проблеме дисфункции тазового дна. Открытым остается вопрос об укреплении мышц этой области. В настоящее время существуют две основные гипотезы, связанные с влиянием физических нагрузок на мышцы тазового дна. Цель: провести обзор литературы для поиска и обсуждения данных в поддержку той или иной гипотезы с позиции функциональной морфологии мышц тазового дна и промежности, развития заболеваний этой области и течения родов. Материалы и методы. В нашей работе на основании данных более ста источников литературы поисковой системы PubMed провести анализ работ по тематике недостаточности поддерживающего аппарата тазового дна у женщин, занимающихся интенсивными тренировками (профессиональные спортсменки, фитнес-инструкторы, военнослужащие и т.д.). Результаты. Согласно исследованиям мы выяснили, что развитие недостаточности поддерживающего аппарата тазового дна чаще всего формируется у девочек в подростковом возрасте при избыточных физических нагрузках. Специальные упражнения, направленные на укрепление мышц этой области, способствуют сокращению первого и второго периода родовой деятельности, минимизируя вероятность оперативного родоразрешения. Заключение. Отсутствие единообразия методик оценки и интерпретации данных требует дальнейшей проработки регистрации параметров и проведения высококачественных исследований.

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