References

kurskvest

Человек и его здоровье

Humans and their health

1998-57461998-5754

Kursk State Medical University

10.21626/vestnik/2018-2/10

kurskvest-368

Research Article

МЕДИКО-БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ

MEDICOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Пирацетам и бетагистин: возможные механизмы эндотелиопротекции

Piracetam and betahistine: possible mechanisms of endothelioprotection

Солгалова

А. С.

Solgalova

A. S.

noemail@neicon.ru

Солдатов

В. О.

Soldatov

V. O.

noemail@neicon.ru

Першина

М. А.

Pershina

M. A.

noemail@neicon.ru

Покровская

Т. Г.

Pokrovskaya

T. G.

noemail@neicon.ru

Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университетРоссияBelgorod State National Research UniversityRussian Federation

2018

20062018

026169

2018

Солгалова А.С., Солдатов В.О., Першина М.А., Покровская Т.Г.

Solgalova A.S., Soldatov V.O., Pershina M.A., Pokrovskaya T.G.

Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://www.kursk-vestnik.ru/jour/article/view/368

Бетагистин и пирацетам являются рутинными препаратами в неврологической практике, которые используются при коррекции дисциркуляторных нарушений мозгового кровообращения. Клиническая эффективность данных лекарственных средств может быть обусловлена не только нейро-, но и эндотелиотропным действием. В данном обзоре рассмотрены основные сведения о потенциальных механизмах реализации вазопротекции, включая метаболический, NO-эргический, противовоспалительный и другие компоненты действия. Бетагистин, как антагонист 3 типа и агонист 1 и 2 типа гистаминовых рецепторов, оказывает положительное влияние на церебральную и системную гемодинамику, а за счет анорексигенного действия и способности стимулировать липолиз улучшает липидный профиль. Пирацетам, наряду с ноотропным действием, способствует коррекции дисфункции митохондрий, увеличивает текучесть мембран и оказывает антиагрегантные свойства. Оба препарата подавляют синтез провоспалительных цитокинов и повышают экспрессию эндотелиальной NO-синтазы.

Betahistine and Piracetam are routine drugs in neurological practice, which are used to correct cerebral circulation disorders. The clinical efficacy of these drugs can be caused not only by neuro-, but also by endotheliotropic action. In this review, the main information on the potential mechanisms for the implementation of vasoprotection, including metabolic, NO-ergic, anti-inflammatory and other components of the action are discussed. Betahistine as histamine receptors type 3 antagonist and histamine receptors type 1 and 2 agonist has a positive effect on cerebral and systemic hemodynamics, and due to anorexigenic action and the ability to stimulate lipolysis can ameliorate dyslipidemia. Piracetam, along with a nootropic effect, contributes to the correction of mitochondrial dysfunction, increases the fluidity of membranes and has antiplatelet properties. Both drugs suppress the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase the expression of endothelial NO synthase.

бетагистинпирацетамэндотелиальная дисфункцияатеросклерозГАМКBetahistinePiracetamendothelial dysfunctionatherosclerosisGABA

References1

Довгун С.С., Демидова М.А. Частота применения и структура назначения ноотропных препаратов при лечении острого нарушения мозгового кровообращения // Современные проблемы науки и образования. - 2012. - № 3. - С. 350. [Dovgun S.S., Demidova M.A. Frequency of application and appointment structure nootropnykh of preparations at treatment of sharp violation of brain blood circulation. Sovremennyye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya. 2012; (3): 350 (in Russ.)].

Молодавкин Г.М., Воронина Т.А., Незнамов Г.Г., Мелетова О.К., Елиава Н.В. Анализ участия ГАМК-бензодиазепинового рецепторного комплекса в механизме анксиолитического эффекта пирацетама // Экспериментальная и клиническая фармакология. - 2006. - Т. 69, № 3. - С. 7-9. [Molodavkin G.M., Voronina T.A., Neznamov G.G., Meletova O.K., Eliava N.V. Participation of GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex in the anxiolytic effect of piracetam. Eksperimental’naya i klinicheskaya farmakologiya. 2006; 69(3): 7-9 (in Russ.)].

Северьянова Л.А., Бобынцев И.И., Крюков А.А. Нейропептиды и активные аминокислоты: эффекты на различные виды болевой чувствительности и вызванное болью поведение // Патогенез. - 2005. - Т. 3, № 1. - С. 23-24. [Sever’yanova L.A. Bobyntsev I.I., Kryukov A.A. Neuropeptides and active amino acids: effects on different types of pain sensitivity and pain-induced behavior. Patogenez. 2005; 3(1): 23-24 (in Russ.)].

Северьянова Л.А., Бобынцев И.И., Ляшев К.Д., Плотников Д.В. Нейропептиды: механизмы влияния на интегративную деятельность мозга // Физиологический журнал имени И.М. Сеченова. - 1995. - Т. 81, № 8. - С. 158-161. [Sever’yanova L.A. Bobyntsev I.I., Lyashev K.D., Plotnikov D.V. Neuropeptides: Mechanisms of Influence on Integrative Activity of the Brain. Fiziologicheskiy zhurnal imeni I.M. Sechenova. 1995; 81(8): 158-161 (in Russ.)].

Тюренков И.Н., Перфилова В.Н. Кардиоваскулярные и кардиопротекторные свойства ГАМК и ее аналогов: монография. - Волгоград : Изд-во Волгоградского государственного медицинского университета, 2008. - 204 с. [Tyurenkov I.N., Perfilova V.N. Cardiovascular and cardioprotective properties of GABA and its analogues: monograph. - Volgograd : Izd-vo Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo meditsinskogo universiteta; 2008: 204 (in Russ.)].

Della Pepa C., Guidetti G., Eandi M. Betahistine in the treatment of vertiginous syndromes: a meta-analysis // Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. - 2006. - Vol. 26, N 4. - P. 208-215.

Azuma Y., Shinohara M., Wang P.L., Hidaka A., Ohura K. Histamine inhibits chemotaxis, phagocytosis, superoxide anion production, and the production of TNFalpha and IL-12 by macrophages via H2-receptors // Int. Immunopharmacol. - 2001. - Vol. 1, N 9-10. - P. 1867-1875.

Barak N., Beck Y., Albeck J.N. Betahistine decreases olanzapine-induced weight gain and somnolence in humans // Journal of Psychopharmacology. - 2016. - Vol. 30, N 3. - P. 237-241. - DOI: 10.1177/0269881115626349.

Barak N., Beck Y., Albeck J.N. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study of Betahistine to Counteract Olanzapine-Associated Weight Gain // Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. - 2016. - Vol. 36, N 3. - P. 253-256. - DOI: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000000489.

Barger G., Dale H.H. Ergotoxine and some other constituents of ergot // Biochem J. - 1907. - Vol. 2, N 5-6. - P. 240-299.

Belcik J.T., Qi Y., Kaufmann B.A., Xie A., Bullens S., Morgan T.K., Bagby S.P., Kolumam G., Kowalski J., Oyer J.A., Bunting S., Lindner J.R. Cardiovascular and systemic microvascular effects of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for cancer // J Am Coll Cardiol. - 2012. - Vol. 60, N 7. - P. 618-625. - DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.02.053.

Brand M.D., Nicholls D.G. Assessing mitochondrial dysfunction in cells // Biochem. J. - 2011. - Vol. 435, N 2. - P. 297-312. - DOI: 10.1042/BJ20110162.

Cataldi M., Borriello F., Granata F., Annunziato L., Marone G. Histamine receptors and antihistamines: from discovery to clinical applications // Chemical Immunology and Allergy. - 2014. - Vol. 100. - P. 214-226. - DOI: 10.1159/000358740.

Chen Z., Tang J., Sun Y.Q., Xie J. Protective effect of γ-aminobutyric acid on antioxidation function in intestinal mucosa of Wenchang chicken induced by heat stress // Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. - 2013. - Vol. 23, N 6. - P. 1634-1641.

Dale H.H., Laidlaw P.P. The physiological action of β-iminazolylethylamine // J Physiol. - 1910. - Vol. 41, N 5. - P. 318-344.

Deng C. Effects of antipsychotic medications on appetite, weight, and insulin resistance // Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. - 2013. - Vol. 42, N 3. - P. 545-563. - DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2013.05.006.

Denisiuk T.A., Lazareva G.A., Provotorov V.Y. Lipid distress-syndrome and prospects of its correction by statins // Research result: pharmacology and clinical pharmacology. - 2017. - Vol. 3, N. 3. - P. 135-156. - DOI: 10.18413/2313-8971-2017-3-3-135-156.

Dux E., Joo F. Effects of histamine on brain capillaries. Fine structural and immunohistochemical studies after intracarotid infusion // Exp. Brain Res. - 1982. - Vol. 47, N 2. - P. 252-258.

Feldberg W., Keogh E.V. Liberation of histamine from the perfused lung by staphylococcal toxin // J Physiol. - 1937. - Vol. 90, N 3. - P. 280-287.

Feldberg W., O’Connor W.J. The liberation of histamine from the perfused lung by peptone // J Physiol. - 1937. - Vol. 90, N 3. - P. 288-295.

Fülöp A.K., Földes A., Buzás E., Hegyi K., Miklós I.H., Romics L., Kleiber M., Nagy A., Falus A., Kovács K.J. Hyperleptinemia, visceral adiposity, and decreased glucose tolerance in mice with a targeted disruption of the histidine decarboxylase gene // Endocrinology. - 2003. - Vol. 144, N 10. - P. 4306-4314. - DOI: 10.1210/en.2003-0222.

Gimbrone M.A. Jr., García-Cardeña G. Endothelial cell dysfunction and the pathobiology of atherosclerosis // Circulation Research. - 2016. - Vol. 118, N 4. - P. 620-636. - DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306301.

Giurgea C. Pharmacology of integrative activity of the brain. Attempt at nootropic concept in psychopharmacology // Actual Pharmacol (Paris). - 1972. - Vol. 25. - P. 115-156.

Gross P.M.; Teasdale G.M., Graham D.I., Angerson W.J., Harper A.M. Intra-arterial histamine increases blood-brain transport in rats // Am. J. Physiol. - 1982. - Vol. 243, N 2. - P. 307-317. - DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1982.243.2.H307.

Hiraga N., Adachi N., Liu K., Nagaro T., Arai T. Suppression of inflammatory cell recruitment by histamine receptor stimulation in ischemic rat brains // Eur. J. Pharmacol. - 2007. - Vol. 557, N 2-3. - P. 236-244. - DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.11.020.

Hu W.W., Chen Z. Role of histamine and its receptors in cerebral ischemia // ACS Chem Neurosci. - 2012. - Vol. 3, N 4. - P. 238-247. - DOI: 10.1021/cn200126p.

Igaz P., Novák I., Lázaár E., Horváth B., Héninger E., Falus A. Bidirectional communication between histamine and cytokines // Inflammation Res. - 2001. - Vol. 50, N 3. - P. 123-128. - DOI: 10.1007/s000110050735.

Irisawa Y., Adachi N., Liu K., Arai T., Nagaro T. Alleviation of ischemia-induced brain edema by activation of the central histaminergic system in rats // J. Pharmacol. Sci. - 2008. - Vol. 108, N 1. - P. 112-123.

Jansen-Olesen I., Ottosson A., Cantera L., Strunk S., Lassen L.H., Olesen J., Mortensen A., Engel U., Edvinsson L.B. Role of endothelium and nitric oxide in histamine-induced responses in human cranial arteries and detection of mRNA encoding H1- and H2-receptors by RT-PCR // J Pharmacol. - 1997. - Vol. 121, N 1. - P. 41-48. - DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701097.

Jørgensen E.A., Vogelsang T.W., Knigge U., Watanabe T., Warberg J., Kjaer A. Increased susceptibility to diet-induced obesity in histamine-deficient mice // Neuroendocrinology. - 2006. - Vol. 83, N 5-6. - P. 289-294. - DOI: 10.1159/000095339.

Kamran M., Bahrami A., Soltani N., Keshavarz M., Farsi L. GABA-induced vasorelaxation mediated by nitric oxide and GABAA receptor in non diabetic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat vessels // General Physiology and Biophysics. - 2013. - Vol. 32, N 1, P. 101-106. - DOI: 10.4149/gpb_2013013.

Keil U., Scherping I., Hauptmann S., Schuessel K., Eckert A., Müller W.E. Piracetam improves mitochondrial dysfunction following oxidative stress // British Journal of Pharmacology. - 2006. - Vol. 147, N 2. - P. 199-208. - DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706459.

Leuner K., Kurz C., Guidetti G., Orgogozo J.M., Müller W.E. Improved mitochondrial function in brain aging and Alzheimer disease - the new mechanism of action of the old metabolic enhancer piracetam // Front Neurosci. - 2010. - Vol. 4. - pii: 44. - DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2010.00044.

Leurs R., Bakker R.A., Timmerman H., de Esch I.J. The histamine H3 receptor: from gene cloning to H3 receptor drugs // Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. - 2005. - Vol. 4, N 2. - P. 107-120. - DOI: 10.1038/nrd1631.

Lian J., Huang X.F., Pai N., Deng C. Preventing olanzapine-induced weight gain using betahistine: a study in a rat model with chronic olanzapine treatment // PLoS ONE. - 2014. - Vol. 9, N 8. - DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104160.

Lian J., Huang X.F., Pai N., Deng C. Betahistine ameliorates olanzapine-induced weight gain through modulation of histaminergic, NPY and AMPK pathways // Psychoneuroendocrinology. - 2014. - Vol. 48. - P. 77-86. - DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.06.010.

Liu X., Lian J., Hu C.H., Deng C. Betahistine co-treatment ameliorates dyslipidemia induced by chronic olanzapine treatment in rats through modulation of hepatic AMPKα-SREBP-1 and PPARα-dependent pathways // Pharmacological Research. - 2015. - Vol. 100. - P. 36-46. - DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.07.023.

Lukyanova L.D., Kirova Y.I. Mitochondria-controlled signaling mechanisms of brain protection in hypoxia // Front. Neurosci. - 2015. - Vol. 9. - P. 320. - DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00320.

Maccallini C., Mollica A., Amoroso R. The Positive Regulation of eNOS Signaling by PPAR Agonists in Cardiovascular Diseases // Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. - 2017. - Vol. 17, N 4. - P. 273-281. - DOI: 10.1007/s40256-017-0220-9.

Malmlöf K., Zaragoza F., Golozoubova V., Refsgaard H.H., Cremers T., Raun K., Johansen P.B., Westerink B., Rimvall K. Influence of a selective histamine H3 receptor antagonist on hypothalamic neural activity, food intake and body weight // Int J Obes (Lond). - 2005. - Vol. 29, N 12. - P. 1402-1412. - DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803036.

Malmlöf K., Golozoubova V., Peschke B., Wulff B.S., Refsgaard H.H., Johansen P.B., Cremers T., Rimvall K. Increase of neuronal histamine in obese rats is associated with decreases in body weight and plasma triglycerides // Obesity (Silver Spring). - 2006. - Vol. 14, N 12. - P. 2154-2162. - DOI: 10.1038/oby.2006.252.

Margineanu D.G. A Weird Concept with Unusual Fate: Nootropic Drug // Revue des Questions Scientifiques. - 2011. - Vol. 182, N 1. - P. 33-52.

Marques C., Licks F., Zattoni I., Borges B., de Souza L.E., Marroni C.A., Marroni N.P. Antioxidant properties of glutamine and its role in VEGFAkt pathways in portal hypertension gastropathy // World J Gastroenterol. - 2013. - Vol. 19, N 28. - P. 4464-4474. - DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i28.4464.

Marshall I. Characterization and distribution of histamine H1- and H2-receptors in precapillary vessels // J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. - 1984. - N 6, Suppl. 4. - P. 587-597.

Masaki T., Chiba S., Yasuda T., Noguchi H., Kakuma T., Watanabe T., Sakata T., Yoshimatsu H. Involvement of hypothalamic histamine H1-receptor in the regulation of feeding rhythm and obesity // Diabetes. - 2004. - Vol. 53, N 9. - P. 2250-2260.

Masaki T., Yoshimatsu H., Chiba S., Watanabe T., Sakata T. Central infusion of histamine reduces fat accumulation and up-regulates UCP family in leptin resistant obese mice // Diabetes. - 2001. - Vol. 50, N 2. - P. 376-384.

Molchanova O.V., Pokrovskaya T.G., Povetkin S.V., Reznikov K.M. Endothelioprotective property of the combination of the thioctic acid and rosuvastatin shown in the endothelial dysfunction models // Research result: pharmacology and clinical pharmacology. - 2016. - Vol. 2, N 1 (2). - P. 9-15.

Mollet A., Lutz T.A., Meier S., Riediger T., Rushing P.A., Scharrer E. Histamine H1 receptors mediate the anorectic action of the pancreatic hormone amylin // Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. - 2001. - Vol. 281, N 5. - P. 1442-1448.

Monsalve F.A., Pyarasani R.D., Delgado-Lopez F., Moore-Carrasco R. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor targets for the treatment of metabolic diseases // Mediat. Inflamm. - 2013. - Vol. 2013. - P. 549627. - DOI: 10.1155/2013/549627.

Moreau K.L., Hildreth K.L. Vascular aging across the menopause transition in healthy women // Adv Vasc Med. - 2014. - Vol. 204. - pii. 204390. - DOI:10.1155/2014/204390.

Moriau M., Crasborn L., Lavenne-Pardonge E., von Frenckell R., Col-Debeys C. Platelet anti-aggregant and rheological properties of piracetam. A pharmacodynamic study in normal subjects // Arzneimittelforschung. - 1993. - Vol. 43, N 2. - P. 110-118.

Morimoto T., Yamamoto Y., Yamatodani A. Brain histamine and feeding behavior // Behav Brain Res. - 2001. - Vol. 124, N 2. - P. 145-150.

Müller W.E., Koch S., Scheuer K., Rostock A., Bartsch R. Effects of piracetam on membrane fluidity in the aged mouse, rat, and human brain // Biochemical Pharmacology. - 1997. - Vol. 53, N 2. - P. 135-140.

Nakamura T., Itadani H., Hidaka Y., Ohta M., Tanaka K: Molecular cloning and characterization of a new human histamine receptor, HH 4 R // Biochem Biophys Res Commun. - 2000. - Vol. 279, N 2. - P. 615-620. - DOI:10.1006/bbrc.2000.4008.

Nalbandian R.M., Henry R.L., Burek C.L., Diglio C.A., Goldman A.I., Taylor G.W., Hoffman W.H. Diminished adherence of sickle erythrocytes to cultured vascular endothelium by piracetam // Am J Hematol. - 1983. - Vol. 15, N 2. - P. 147-151.

Navarro S.A., Serafim K.G., Mizokami S.S., Hohmann M.S., Casagrande R., Verri W.A.Jr. Analgesic activity of piracetam: effect on cytokine production and oxidative stress // Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavavior. - 2013. - Vol. 105. - P. 183-192. - DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.02.018.

Neves K.B., Rios F.J., van der Mey L., Alves-Lopes R., Cameron A.C., Volpe M., Montezano A.C., Savoia C., Touyz R.M. VEGFR (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor) Inhibition Induces Cardiovascular Damage via Redox-Sensitive Processes // Hypertension. - 2018. - Vol. 71, N 4. - P. 638-647. - DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10490

Oda T., Morikawa N., Saito Y., Masuho Y., Matsumoto S. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel type of histamine receptor preferentially expressed in leukocytes // J Biol Chem. - 2000. - Vol. 275, N 47. - P. 36781-36786. - DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M006480200.

Perfilova V.N., O.V. Ostrovskii, V.E. Verovskii Popova T.A., Lebedeva S.A., Dib H. Effect of Citrocard on functional activity of cardiomyocyte mitochondria during chronic alcohol intoxication // Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. - 2007. - Vol. 143, N 3. - P. 341-343.

Packard K.A., Khan M.M. Effects of histamine on Th1/Th2 cytokine balance // Int. Immunopharmacol. - 2003. - Vol. 3, N 7. - P. 909-920. - DOI: 10.1016/S1567-5769(02)00235-7.

Popielski L. β-Imidazolyläthylamin und die Organextrakte Erster Teil: β-Imidazolyl-äthylamin als mächtiger Erreger der Magendrüsen // Pfluegers Arch. - 1920. - Vol. 178. - P. 214-236.

Shakhno E.A., Savitskaya T.A., Pokrovskaya T.G., Yakushev V.I., Pokrovskii M.V., Grinshpan D.D. Use of L-arginine immobilised on activated carbon for pharmacological correction of endothelial disfunction // Research result: pharmacology and clinical pharmacology. - 2016. - Vol. 2, N 1(2). - P. 30-35.

Spitaler M.M., Hammer A., Malli R., Graier W.F. Functional analysis of histamine receptor subtypes involved in endothelium-mediated relaxation of the human uterine artery // Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and physiology. - 2002. - Vol. 29, N 8. - P. 711-716.

Stockburger Kurz C., Koch K.A., Eckert S.H., Leuner K., Müller W.E. Improvement of mitochondrial function and dynamics by the metabolic enhancer piracetam // Biochem. Soc. Trans. - 2013. - Vol. 41, N 5. - P. 1331-1334. - DOI: 10.1042/BST20130054.

Szewczyk A., Jarmuszkiewicz W., Kozieł A., Sobieraj I., Nobik W., Łukasiak A., Skup A., Bednarczyk P., Drabarek B., Dymkowska D., Wrzosek A., Zabłocki K. Mitochondrial mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction // Pharmacological Reports. - 2015. - Vol. 67, N 4. - P. 1-7. - DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.04.009

Takahashi H. K., Yoshida A., Iwagaki H., Yoshino T., Itoh H., Morichika T., Yokoyama M., Akagi T., Tanaka N., Mori S., Nishibori M. Histamine regulation of interleukin-18-initiating cytokine cascade is associated with down-regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells // J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. - 2002. - Vol. 300, N 1. - P. 227-235.

Tang K.T., Chao Y.H., Chen D.Y., Lim Y.P., Chen Y.M., Li Y.R., Yang D.H., Lin C.C. Betahistine attenuates murine collagen-induced arthritis by suppressing both inflammatory and Th17 cell responses // International Immunopharmacology. - 2016. - Vol. 39. - P. 236-245. - DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.07.030.

Tuomisto L., Yamatodani A., Jolkkonen J., Sainio E.L., Airaksinen M.M. Inhibition of brain histamine synthesis increases food intake and attenuates vasopressin response to salt loading in rats // Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. - 1994. - Vol. 16, N 5. - P. 355-359.

Tuncer S., Ayhan S., Findikcioglu K., Ergun H., Tuncer I. Effect of systemic piracetam treatment on flap survival and vascular endothelial growth factor expression after ischemia-reperfusion injury // Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery. - 2011. - Vol. 27, N 7. - P. 409-417. - DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1281523.

Vastag M., Skopál J, Voko Z., Csonka E, Nagy Z. Expression of membrane-bound and soluble cell adhesion molecules by human brain microvessel endothelial cells // Microvasc Res. - 1999. - Vol. 57, N 1. - P. 52-60. - DOI: 10.1006/mvre.1998.2115.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.