kurskvestЧеловек и его здоровьеHumans and their health1998-57461998-5754Kursk State Medical University10.21626/vestnik/2023-1/06YOCWTFkurskvest-1145Research ArticleМЕДИКО-БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИMEDICOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCESПатогенетические и структурно-функциональные изменения в почках после перенесенного COVID-19Pathogenetic and structural and functional changes in the kidneys after COVID-19https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6129-0625КамышниковаЛюдмила АлександровнаKamyshnikovaLyudmila A.

канд. мед. наук, доцент, доцент кафедры факультетской терапии медицинского института, НИУ «БелГУ», г. Белгород

Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor at the Department of Faculty Therapy of the Medical Institute, BNRU, Belgorod, Russian Federation

kamyshnikova@bsu.edu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6395-1626ЕфремоваОльга АлексеевнаEfremovaOlga A.

д-р мед. наук, профессор, зав. кафедрой факультетской терапии медицинского института, НИУ «БелГУ», г. Белгород

Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Faculty Therapy of the Medical Institute, BNRU, Belgorod, Russian Federation

efremova@bsu.edu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3106-8900ПисанкинаДарья СергеевнаPisankinaDaria S.

студент, НИУ «БелГУ», г. Белгород

Student, BNRU, Belgorod, Russian Federation

1300161@bsu.edu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2650-1738ГорбачевскаяКристина СергеевнаGorbachevskayaKristina S.

аспирант медицинского института, НИУ «БелГУ», г. Белгород

Post-graduate student of the Medical Institute, BNRU, Belgorod, Russian Federation

1087390@bsu.edu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4021-4292ПищанскийАлександр НиколаевичPishchanskiyAlexander N.

аспирант медицинского института, НИУ «БелГУ», г. Белгород

Post-graduate student of the Medical Institute, BNRU, Belgorod, Russian Federation

1458602@bsu.edu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3898-1417СвиридоваМария СергеевнаSviridovaMaria S.

канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры факультетской терапии медицинского института, НИУ «БелГУ», г. Белгород

Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor of the Department of Faculty Therapy of the Medical Institute, BNRU, Belgorod, Russian Federation

sviridova_m@bsu.edu.ruБелгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет (НИУ «БелГУ»)РоссияBelgorod National Research University (BNRU)Russian Federation2023220520232614552Copyright © Камышникова Л.А., Ефремова О.А., Писанкина Д.С., Горбачевская К.С., Пищанский А.Н., Свиридова М.С., 20232023Камышникова Л.А., Ефремова О.А., Писанкина Д.С., Горбачевская К.С., Пищанский А.Н., Свиридова М.С.Kamyshnikova L.A., Efremova O.A., Pisankina D.S., Gorbachevskaya K.S., Pishchanskiy A.N., Sviridova M.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.kursk-vestnik.ru/jour/article/view/1145

В настоящее время появляется все больше данных о долгосрочных последствиях COVID-19, затрагивающих почти все системы и органы человека, включая почки. Цель исследования: изучение патогенетических и структурно-функциональных изменений почек у больных, перенесших COVID-19 инфекцию. Материалы и методы. Был проведен поиск статей в базах PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, E-library, Clinical Trial по ключевым словам «постковидный синдром», «почечное поражение (болезнь почек)», «COVID-19», «SARS-CoV-2», «гломерулонефрит» на русском и английском языках в базах, сообщающих о случаях обнаружения почечных нарушений спустя время после перенесенной коронавирусной инфекции, опубликованных по состоянию на 28 сентября 2022 года. В статью включены обзоры литературы, клинические случаи и оригинальные исследования, сообщающие о подтвержденных случаях обнаружения почечного повреждения после подтвержденного предшествующего COVID-19. Источники, которые сосредоточены только на поражении почек в острый период коронавирусной инфекции, были исключены. Результаты. Первичное вирусное поражение осуществляется через воздействие на рецепторы ангиотензинпревращающего фермента-2 (АПФ-2). Не менее важными механизмами вирусного повреждения являются реакции иммунологического и воспалительного характера, дисфункции системы комплемента, приводящие к полиорганной недостаточности. Долгосрочные последствия коронавирусной инфекции на почки проявлялись в снижении расчетной скорости клубочковой фильтрации (рСКФ), повышении уровня креатинина, протеинурии, микрогематурии. Перспективным маркером почечного повреждения может стать белок Dickkopf-3 (uDKK-3). Постковидное почечное поражение может возникать как de novo, так и при предшествующем COVID-19 почечном осложнении. Самыми частыми морфологическими вариантами поражения почек были канальцевые повреждения и различные морфологические варианты гломерулонефритов. Заключение. Связь COVID-19 и повреждения почек в постковидный период подтверждается общими механизмами патогенеза, включающими прямое вирусное повреждение через АПФ-2, воспалительную и иммунную реакции организма. Эти данные подтверждаются обнаруживаемыми маркерами воспаления и повреждения почечной ткани, морфологической картиной некроза, фиброза почечной паренхимы у больных, перенесших COVID-19 инфекцию.

There is now a growing evidence of the long-term effects of COVID-19, affecting almost all human systems and organs, including the kidneys. The objective of this paper was to study pathogenetic and structural and functional changes in the kidneys in patients with COVID-19 infection. Materials and methods. Articles were searched in PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, E-library, Clinical Trial databases using the keywords "post-COVID syndrome," "renal damage (kidney disease)," "COVID-19," "SARS-CoV-2," and "glomerulonephritis" in Russian and English. Databases reporting cases of detectable renal damage following a prior coronavirus infection published by September 28, 2022 were used. This review includes literature reviews, clinical cases, and original studies reporting the confirmed cases of detectable renal damage after confirmed prior COVID-19. The sources that focus only on renal damage during the acute period of coronavirus infection have been excluded. Results. Primary viral damage is carried out through the effect on the receptors of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2). No less important mechanisms of viral damage are immunological and inflammatory reactions, dysfunctions of the complement system, leading to multiple organ failure. The long-term consequences of coronavirus infection on the kidneys were manifested in a decrease in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), an increase in creatinine levels, proteinuria, and microhematuria. Dickkopf-3 protein (uDKK-3) may become a promising marker of kidney damage. Post-COVID renal disease can occur both de novo and with a previous renal complication of COVID-19. The most common morphological variants of kidney damage were tubular lesions and various morphological variants of glomerulonephritis. Conclusion. The association of COVID-19 and kidney damage in the post-COVID period is supported by common mechanisms of pathogenesis, including direct viral damage through ACE-2, inflammatory and immune reactions of the body. These data are confirmed by detectable markers of inflammation and damage to the renal tissue, the morphological picture of necrosis, fibrosis of the renal parenchyma in patients with COVID-19 infection.

постковидный синдромпочечное поражение (болезнь почек)COVID-19SARS-CoV-2гломерулонефритpost-COVID syndromekidney injury (kidney disease)COVID-19SARS-CoV-2glomerulonephritisReferencesPavli A., Theodoridou M., Maltezou H.C. Post-COVID Syndrome: Incidence, Clinical Spectrum, and Challenges for Primary Healthcare Professionals. Arch Med Res. 2021;52(6):575-581. DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.03.010.Pavli A., Theodoridou M., Maltezou H.C. Post-COVID Syndrome: Incidence, Clinical Spectrum, and Challenges for Primary Healthcare Professionals. Arch Med Res. 2021;52(6):575-581. DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.03.010.Канорский С.Г. Постковидный синдром: распространенность и патогенез органных поражений, направления коррекции. Систематический обзор. Кубанский научный медицинский вестник. 2021;28(6):90-116. DOI: 10.25207/1608-6228-2021-28-6-90-116. EDN: KZFQTWKanorsky SG. Post-covid syndrome: prevalence and pathogenesis of organ lesions, directions of correction. Systematic review. Kuban Scientific Medical Bulletin. 2021;28(6):90-116 (in Russ). DOI: 10.25207/1608-6228-2021-28-6-90-116. EDN: KZFQTWКамышникова Л.А., Писанкина Д.С., Паюдис А.Н., Павлова Ю.С., Болховитина О.А. Постковидный мышечно-суставной синдром и связь COVID-19 с ревматоидным артритом. Уральский медицинский журнал. 2023;22(1):104-110. DOI: 10.52420/2071-5943-2023-22-1-104-110. EDN: OQMZMD.Pierce J.D., Shen Q., Cintron S.A., Hiebert J.B. Post-COVID-19 Syndrome. Nurs Res. 2022;71(2):164-174. DOI: 10.1097/NNR.0000000000000565.Maltezou H.C., Pavli A., Tsakris A. Post-COVID Syndrome: An Insight on Its Pathogenesis. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(5):497. DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050497.Kamyshnikova LA, Pisankina DS, Payudis AN, Pavlova Yu.S., Bolkhovitina O.A. Post-COVID musculo-articular syndrome and COVID-19 association with rheumatoid arthritis. Ural medical journal 2023;22(1):104-110 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.52420/2071-5943-2023-22-1-104-110. EDN: OQMZMD.Stafie C.S., Solomon S.M., Sufaru I.G., Manaila M., Stafie I.I., Melinte G., Simionescu B., Leustean L. Pathogenic Connections in Post-COVID Conditions: What Do We Know in the Large Unknown? A Narrative Review. Viruses. 2022;14(8):1686. DOI: 10.3390/v14081686.Maltezou H.C., Pavli A., Tsakris A. Post-COVID Syndrome: An Insight on Its Pathogenesis. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(5):497. DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050497.Evrin T., Katipoglu B. COVID-19 are dangerous to the kidneys in any situation, not only in a pandemic: LONG-COVID-19 and kidney disease. Cardiol J. 2021;28(6):1005-1006. DOI: 10.5603/CJ.a2021.0163.Stafie C.S., Solomon S.M., Sufaru I.G., Manaila M., Stafie I.I., Melinte G., Simionescu B., Leustean L. Pathogenic Connections in Post-COVID Conditions: What Do We Know in the Large Unknown? A Narrative Review. Viruses. 2022;14(8):1686. DOI: 10.3390/v14081686.Yende S., Parikh C.R. Long COVID and kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2021;17(12):792-793. DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00487-3.Evrin T., Katipoglu B. COVID-19 are dangerous to the kidneys in any situation, not only in a pandemic: LONG-COVID-19 and kidney disease. Cardiol J. 2021;28(6):1005-1006. DOI: 10.5603/CJ.a2021.0163.Huang C., Huang L., Wang Y., Li X., Ren L., Gu X., Kang L., Guo L., et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet. 2021;397(10270):220-232. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32656-8.Yende S., Parikh C.R. Long COVID and kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2021;17(12):792-793. DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00487-3.Rudnick M.R., Hilburg R. Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19: Another Challenge for Nephrology. Am J Nephrol. 2020;51(10):761-763. DOI: 10.1159/000511161.Huang C., Huang L., Wang Y., Li X., Ren L., Gu X., Kang L., Guo L., et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet. 2021;397(10270):220-232. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32656-8.Ahmadian E., Hosseiniyan Khatibi S.M., Razi Soofiyani S., Abediazar S., Shoja M.M., Ardalan M., Zununi Vahed S. Covid-19 and kidney injury: Pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms. Rev Med Virol. 2021;31(3):e2176. DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2176.Rudnick M.R., Hilburg R. Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19: Another Challenge for Nephrology. Am J Nephrol. 2020;51(10):761-763. DOI: 10.1159/000511161.Tolouian R., Vahed S.Z., Ghiyasvand S., Tolouian A., Ardalan M. COVID-19 interactions with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the kinin system; looking at a potential treatment. J Renal Inj Prev. 2020;9(2):e19. DOI: 10.34172/jrip.2020.19.Ahmadian E., Hosseiniyan Khatibi S.M., Razi Soofiyani S., Abediazar S., Shoja M.M., Ardalan M., Zununi Vahed S. Covid-19 and kidney injury: Pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms. Rev Med Virol. 2021;31(3):e2176. DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2176.Yin W., Zhang P.L. Infectious pathways of SARS-CoV-2 in renal tissue. J Nephropathol. 2020;9(4):e37. DOI: 10.34172/jnp.2020.37.Tolouian R., Vahed S.Z., Ghiyasvand S., Tolouian A., Ardalan M. COVID-19 interactions with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the kinin system; looking at a potential treatment. J Renal Inj Prev. 2020;9(2):e19. DOI: 10.34172/jrip.2020.19.Wang Q., Zhang Y., Wu L., Niu S., Song C., Zhang Z., Lu G., Qiao C., et al. Structural and Functional Basis of SARS-CoV-2 Entry by Using Human ACE2. Cell. 2020;181(4):894-904.e9. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.045.Yin W., Zhang P.L. Infectious pathways of SARS-CoV-2 in renal tissue. J Nephropathol. 2020;9(4):e37. DOI: 10.34172/jnp.2020.37.Park S.E. Epidemiology, virology, and clinical features of severe acute respiratory syndrome -coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2; Coronavirus Disease-19). Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(4):119-124. DOI: 10.3345/cep.2020.00493.Wang Q., Zhang Y., Wu L., Niu S., Song C., Zhang Z., Lu G., Qiao C., et al. Structural and Functional Basis of SARS-CoV-2 Entry by Using Human ACE2. Cell. 2020;181(4):894-904.e9. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.045.Wang K., Chen W., Zhang Z., Deng Y., Lian J.Q., Du P., Wei D., Zhang Y., et al. CD147-spike protein is a novel route for SARS-CoV-2 infection to host cells. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5(1):283. DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00426-x.Park S.E. Epidemiology, virology, and clinical features of severe acute respiratory syndrome -coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2; Coronavirus Disease-19). Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(4):119-124. DOI: 10.3345/cep.2020.00493.Copur S., Berkkan M., Basile C., Tuttle K., Kanbay M. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome and kidney diseases: what do we know? J Nephrol. 2022;35(3):795-805. DOI: 10.1007/s40620-022-01296-y.Wang K., Chen W., Zhang Z., Deng Y., Lian J.Q., Du P., Wei D., Zhang Y., et al. CD147-spike protein is a novel route for SARS-CoV-2 infection to host cells. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5(1):283. DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00426-x.Farouk S.S., Fiaccadori E., Cravedi P., Campbell K.N. COVID-19 and the kidney: what we think we know so far and what we don't. J Nephrol. 2020;33(6):1213--1218. DOI: 10.1007/s40620-020-00789-y.Copur S., Berkkan M., Basile C., Tuttle K., Kanbay M. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome and kidney diseases: what do we know? J Nephrol. 2022;35(3):795-805. DOI: 10.1007/s40620-022-01296-y.Ronco C., Reis T. Kidney involvement in COVID-19 and rationale for extracorporeal therapies. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;16(6):308-310. DOI: 10.1038/s41581-020-0284-7.Farouk S.S., Fiaccadori E., Cravedi P., Campbell K.N. COVID-19 and the kidney: what we think we know so far and what we don't. J Nephrol. 2020;33(6):1213--1218. DOI: 10.1007/s40620-020-00789-y.Khouchlaa A., Bouyahya A. COVID-19 nephropathy; probable mechanisms of kidney failure. Journal of Nephropathology. 2020;9(4):e35. DOI: 10.34172/jnp.2020.35Ronco C., Reis T. Kidney involvement in COVID-19 and rationale for extracorporeal therapies. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;16(6):308-310. DOI: 10.1038/s41581-020-0284-7.Qian J.Y., Wang B., Lv L.L., Liu B.C. Pathogenesis of Acute Kidney Injury in Coronavirus Disease 2019. Front Physiol. 2021;12:586589. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.586589.Khouchlaa A., Bouyahya A. COVID-19 nephropathy; probable mechanisms of kidney failure. Journal of Nephropathology. 2020;9(4):e35. DOI: 10.34172/jnp.2020.35Farkash E.A., Wilson A.M., Jentzen J.M. Ultrastructural Evidence for Direct Renal Infection with SARS-CoV-2. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(8):1683-1687. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2020040432. Erratum in: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020 Oct;31(10):2494.Qian J.Y., Wang B., Lv L.L., Liu B.C. Pathogenesis of Acute Kidney Injury in Coronavirus Disease 2019. Front Physiol. 2021;12:586589. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.586589.Sharma P., Uppal N.N., Wanchoo R., Shah H.H., Yang Y., Parikh R., Khanin Y., Madireddy V., et al. COVID-19-Associated Kidney Injury: A Case Series of Kidney Biopsy Findings. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(9):1948-1958. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2020050699.Farkash E.A., Wilson A.M., Jentzen J.M. Ultrastructural Evidence for Direct Renal Infection with SARS-CoV-2. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(8):1683-1687. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2020040432. Erratum in: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020 Oct;31(10):2494.Su H., Yang M., Wan C., Yi L.X., Tang F., Zhu H.Y., Yi F., Yang H.C., et al. Renal histopathological analysis of 26 postmortem findings of patients with COVID-19 in China. Kidney Int. 2020;98(1):219-227. DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.04.003.Sharma P., Uppal N.N., Wanchoo R., Shah H.H., Yang Y., Parikh R., Khanin Y., Madireddy V., et al. COVID-19-Associated Kidney Injury: A Case Series of Kidney Biopsy Findings. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(9):1948-1958. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2020050699.Santoriello D., Khairallah P., Bomback A.S., Xu K., Kudose S., Batal I., Barasch J., Radhakrishnan J., et al. Postmortem Kidney Pathology Findings in Patients with COVID-19. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(9): 2158-2167. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2020050744.Su H., Yang M., Wan C., Yi L.X., Tang F., Zhu H.Y., Yi F., Yang H.C., et al. Renal histopathological analysis of 26 postmortem findings of patients with COVID-19 in China. Kidney Int. 2020;98(1):219-227. DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.04.003.Martinez-Rojas M.A., Vega-Vega O., Bobadilla N.A. Is the kidney a target of SARS-CoV-2? Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2020;318(6):F1454-F1462. DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00160.2020.Santoriello D., Khairallah P., Bomback A.S., Xu K., Kudose S., Batal I., Barasch J., Radhakrishnan J., et al. Postmortem Kidney Pathology Findings in Patients with COVID-19. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(9): 2158-2167. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2020050744.Diao B., Wang C., Wang R., Feng Z., Zhang J., Yang H., Tan Y., Wang H., et al. Human kidney is a target for novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):2506. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22781-1.Martinez-Rojas M.A., Vega-Vega O., Bobadilla N.A. Is the kidney a target of SARS-CoV-2? Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2020;318(6):F1454-F1462. DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00160.2020.Xie M., Zhu Y., Wang X., Ren J., Guo H., Huang B., Wang S., Wang P., et al. Predictive prognostic value of glomerular C3 deposition in IgA nephropathy. J Nephrol. 2023;36(2):495-505. DOI: 10.1007/s40620-022-01363-4.Diao B., Wang C., Wang R., Feng Z., Zhang J., Yang H., Tan Y., Wang H., et al. Human kidney is a target for novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):2506. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22781-1.Boudhabhay I., Rabant M., Roumenina L.T., Coupry L.M., Poillerat V., Marchal A., Frémeaux-Bacchi V., El Karoui K., et al. Case Report: Adult Post-COVID-19 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome and Thrombotic Microangiopathy. Front Immunol. 2021;12:680567. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.680567.Xie M., Zhu Y., Wang X., Ren J., Guo H., Huang B., Wang S., Wang P., et al. Predictive prognostic value of glomerular C3 deposition in IgA nephropathy. J Nephrol. 2023;36(2):495-505. DOI: 10.1007/s40620-022-01363-4.Zarei M., Bose D., Nouri-Vaskeh M., Tajiknia V., Zand R., Ghasemi M. Long-term side effects and lingering symptoms post COVID-19 recovery. Rev Med Virol. 2022;32(3):e2289. DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2289.Boudhabhay I., Rabant M., Roumenina L.T., Coupry L.M., Poillerat V., Marchal A., Frémeaux-Bacchi V., El Karoui K., et al. Case Report: Adult Post-COVID-19 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome and Thrombotic Microangiopathy. Front Immunol. 2021;12:680567. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.680567.Stockmann H., Hardenberg J.B., Aigner A., Hinze C., Gotthardt I., Stier B. Eckardt K.U., Schmidt-Ott K.M., et al. High rates of long-term renal recovery in survivors of coronavirus disease 2019-associated acute kidney injury requiring kidney replacement therapy. Kidney Int. 2021;99(4):1021-1022. DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.01.005.Zarei M., Bose D., Nouri-Vaskeh M., Tajiknia V., Zand R., Ghasemi M. Long-term side effects and lingering symptoms post COVID-19 recovery. Rev Med Virol. 2022;32(3):e2289. DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2289.Gu X., Huang L., Cui D., Wang Y., Wang Y., Xu J., Shang.L, Fan G., et al. Association of acute kidney injury with 1-year outcome of kidney function in hospital survivors with COVID-19: A cohort study. EBioMedicine. 2022;76:103817. DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103817.Stockmann H., Hardenberg J.B., Aigner A., Hinze C., Gotthardt I., Stier B. Eckardt K.U., Schmidt-Ott K.M., et al. High rates of long-term renal recovery in survivors of coronavirus disease 2019-associated acute kidney injury requiring kidney replacement therapy. Kidney Int. 2021;99(4):1021-1022. DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.01.005.Nugent J., Aklilu A., Yamamoto Y., Simonov M., Li F., Biswas A., Ghazi L., Greenberg H., et al. Assessment of Acute Kidney Injury and Longitudinal Kidney Function After Hospital Discharge Among Patients With and Without COVID-19. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(3):e211095. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.1095. Erratum in: JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Apr 1;4(4):e2111225.Gu X., Huang L., Cui D., Wang Y., Wang Y., Xu J., Shang.L, Fan G., et al. Association of acute kidney injury with 1-year outcome of kidney function in hospital survivors with COVID-19: A cohort study. EBioMedicine. 2022;76:103817. DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103817.Stockmann H., Hardenberg J.B., Aigner A., Hinze C., Gotthardt I., Stier B., Eckardt K.U., Schmidt-Ott K.M., et al. High rates of long-term renal recovery in survivors of coronavirus disease 2019-associated acute kidney injury requiring kidney replacement therapy. Kidney Int. 2021;99(4):1021-1022. DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.01.005.Nugent J., Aklilu A., Yamamoto Y., Simonov M., Li F., Biswas A., Ghazi L., Greenberg H., et al. Assessment of Acute Kidney Injury and Longitudinal Kidney Function After Hospital Discharge Among Patients With and Without COVID-19. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(3):e211095. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.1095. Erratum in: JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Apr 1;4(4):e2111225.Stevens J.S., King K.L., Robbins-Juarez S.Y., Khairallah P., Toma K., Alvarado Verduzco H., Daniel E., Douglas D., et al. High rate of renal recovery in survivors of COVID-19 associated acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy. PLoS One. 2020;15(12):e0244131. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244131.Stockmann H., Hardenberg J.B., Aigner A., Hinze C., Gotthardt I., Stier B., Eckardt K.U., Schmidt-Ott K.M., et al. High rates of long-term renal recovery in survivors of coronavirus disease 2019-associated acute kidney injury requiring kidney replacement therapy. Kidney Int. 2021;99(4):1021-1022. DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.01.005.Sharma H., Behera M.R., Bhadauria D.S., Khushwaha R.S., Yachha M., Patel M.R., Kaul A., Prasad N. High mortality and residual kidney damage with Coronavirus disease-19-associated acute kidney injury in northern India. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2022;26(11):1067-1077. DOI: 10.1007/s10157-022-02247-4.Stevens J.S., King K.L., Robbins-Juarez S.Y., Khairallah P., Toma K., Alvarado Verduzco H., Daniel E., Douglas D., et al. High rate of renal recovery in survivors of COVID-19 associated acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy. PLoS One. 2020;15(12):e0244131. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244131.Ramatillah D.L., Michael M., Khan K., Natasya N., Sinaga E., Hartuti S., Fajriani N., Farrukh M.J., et al. Factors Contributing to Chronic Kidney Disease following COVID-19 Diagnosis in Pre-Vaccinated Hospitalized Patients. Vaccines (Basel). 2023;11(2):433. DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020433.Sharma H., Behera M.R., Bhadauria D.S., Khushwaha R.S., Yachha M., Patel M.R., Kaul A., Prasad N. High mortality and residual kidney damage with Coronavirus disease-19-associated acute kidney injury in northern India. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2022;26(11):1067-1077. DOI: 10.1007/s10157-022-02247-4.Vasconcelos M.A., Mendonça A.C.Q., Colosimo E.A., Nourbakhsh N., Martelli-Júnior H., Silva L.R., Oliveira M.C.L., Pinhati C.C., et al. Outcomes and risk factors for death among hospitalized children and adolescents with kidney diseases and COVID-19: an analysis of a nationwide database. Pediatr Nephrol. 2023;38(1):181-191. DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05588-0.Ramatillah D.L., Michael M., Khan K., Natasya N., Sinaga E., Hartuti S., Fajriani N., Farrukh M.J., et al. Factors Contributing to Chronic Kidney Disease following COVID-19 Diagnosis in Pre-Vaccinated Hospitalized Patients. Vaccines (Basel). 2023;11(2):433. DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020433.Marchiset A., Serazin V., Ben Hadj Salem O., Pichereau C., Lima Da Silva L., Au S.M., Barbier C., Loubieres Y., et al. Risk Factors of AKI in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Time-Dependent Competing Risk Analysis on Severe COVID-19 Patients. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2023;10:20543581221145073. DOI: 10.1177/20543581221145073.Vasconcelos M.A., Mendonça A.C.Q., Colosimo E.A., Nourbakhsh N., Martelli-Júnior H., Silva L.R., Oliveira M.C.L., Pinhati C.C., et al. Outcomes and risk factors for death among hospitalized children and adolescents with kidney diseases and COVID-19: an analysis of a nationwide database. Pediatr Nephrol. 2023;38(1):181-191. DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05588-0.Husain-Syed F., Villa G., Wilhelm J., Samoni S., Matt U., Vadász I., Tello K., Jennert B., et al. Renal markers for monitoring acute kidney injury transition to chronic kidney disease after COVID-19. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2021;36(11):2143-2147. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfab235.Marchiset A., Serazin V., Ben Hadj Salem O., Pichereau C., Lima Da Silva L., Au S.M., Barbier C., Loubieres Y., et al. Risk Factors of AKI in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Time-Dependent Competing Risk Analysis on Severe COVID-19 Patients. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2023;10:20543581221145073. DOI: 10.1177/20543581221145073.Federico G., Meister M., Mathow D., Heine G.H., Moldenhauer G., Popovic Z.V., Nordström V., Kopp-Schneider A., et al. Tubular Dickkopf-3 promotes the development of renal atrophy and fibrosis. JCI Insight. 2016;1(1):e84916. DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.84916.Husain-Syed F., Villa G., Wilhelm J., Samoni S., Matt U., Vadász I., Tello K., Jennert B., et al. Renal markers for monitoring acute kidney injury transition to chronic kidney disease after COVID-19. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2021;36(11):2143-2147. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfab235.Bowe B., Xie Y., Xu E., Al-Aly Z. Kidney Outcomes in Long COVID. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;32(11): 2851-2862. DOI:10.1681/ASN.2021060734.Federico G., Meister M., Mathow D., Heine G.H., Moldenhauer G., Popovic Z.V., Nordström V., Kopp-Schneider A., et al. Tubular Dickkopf-3 promotes the development of renal atrophy and fibrosis. JCI Insight. 2016;1(1):e84916. DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.84916.Liu T., Wu D., Yan W., Wang X., Zhang X., Ma K., Chen H., Zeng Z., et al. Twelve-Month Systemic Consequences of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Patients Discharged From Hospital: A Prospective Cohort Study in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;74(11):1953-1965. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab703.Bowe B., Xie Y., Xu E., Al-Aly Z. Kidney Outcomes in Long COVID. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;32(11): 2851-2862. DOI:10.1681/ASN.2021060734.Ayoubkhani D., Khunti K., Nafilyan V., Maddox T., Humberstone B., Diamond I., Banerjee A. Post-covid syndrome in individuals admitted to hospital with covid-19: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2021;372:n693. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n693.Liu T., Wu D., Yan W., Wang X., Zhang X., Ma K., Chen H., Zeng Z., et al. Twelve-Month Systemic Consequences of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Patients Discharged From Hospital: A Prospective Cohort Study in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;74(11):1953-1965. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab703.Alsaad K.O., Hajeer A.H., Al Balwi M., Al Moaiqel M., Al Oudah N., Al Ajlan A., Al Johani S., Alsolamy S., et al. Histopathology of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronovirus (MERS-CoV) infection - clinicopathological and ultrastructural study. Histopathology. 2018;72(3):516-524. DOI: 10.1111/his.13379.Ayoubkhani D., Khunti K., Nafilyan V., Maddox T., Humberstone B., Diamond I., Banerjee A. Post-covid syndrome in individuals admitted to hospital with covid-19: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2021;372:n693. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n693.Shieh M., Giannini J.A., Combs S.A., Shaffi S.K., Messias N.C., Teixeira J.P. Proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal immunoglobulin deposits triggered by COVID-19: a case report. CEN Case Rep. 2022;11(3):380-385. DOI: 10.1007/s13730-022-00687-1.Alsaad K.O., Hajeer A.H., Al Balwi M., Al Moaiqel M., Al Oudah N., Al Ajlan A., Al Johani S., Alsolamy S., et al. Histopathology of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronovirus (MERS-CoV) infection - clinicopathological and ultrastructural study. Histopathology. 2018;72(3):516-524. DOI: 10.1111/his.13379.Pramod S., Kheetan M., Ogu I., Alsanani A., Khitan Z. Viral Nephropathies, Adding SARS-CoV-2 to the List.Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2021;14:157-164. DOI: 10.2147/IJNRD.S303080.Shieh M., Giannini J.A., Combs S.A., Shaffi S.K., Messias N.C., Teixeira J.P. Proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal immunoglobulin deposits triggered by COVID-19: a case report. CEN Case Rep. 2022;11(3):380-385. DOI: 10.1007/s13730-022-00687-1.Morrow A.J., Sykes R., McIntosh A., Kamdar A., Bagot C., Bayes H.K., Blyth K.G., Briscoe M., et al. A multisystem, cardio-renal investigation of post-COVID-19 illness. Nat Med. 2022;28(6):1303-1313. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01837-9.Pramod S., Kheetan M., Ogu I., Alsanani A., Khitan Z. Viral Nephropathies, Adding SARS-CoV-2 to the List.Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2021;14:157-164. DOI: 10.2147/IJNRD.S303080.Bubnov R. MO110: Ultrasound Evaluation of Post-COVID Kidney Disease. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2022;37(3):gfac066.013. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfac066.013Morrow A.J., Sykes R., McIntosh A., Kamdar A., Bagot C., Bayes H.K., Blyth K.G., Briscoe M., et al. A multisystem, cardio-renal investigation of post-COVID-19 illness. Nat Med. 2022;28(6):1303-1313. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01837-9.Karadag S., Ozturk S., Arici M., Gorgulu N., Akcali E., Pembegul I., Taymez D.G., Kazancioglu R., et al. Post-COVID-19 outcomes of non-dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease patients: a national, multicenter, controlled study.Int Urol Nephrol. 2023;55(2): 399-408. DOI: 10.1007/s11255-022-03329-8.Bubnov R. MO110: Ultrasound Evaluation of Post-COVID Kidney Disease. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2022;37(3):gfac066.013. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfac066.013Gupta R.K., Bhargava R., Shaukat A.A., Albert E., Leggat J. Spectrum of podocytopathies in new-onset nephrotic syndrome following COVID-19 disease: a report of 2 cases. BMC Nephrol. 2020;21(1):326. DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-01970-y.Karadag S., Ozturk S., Arici M., Gorgulu N., Akcali E., Pembegul I., Taymez D.G., Kazancioglu R., et al. Post-COVID-19 outcomes of non-dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease patients: a national, multicenter, controlled study.Int Urol Nephrol. 2023;55(2): 399-408. DOI: 10.1007/s11255-022-03329-8.Sethi S., D'Costa M.R., Hermann S.M., Nasr S.H., Fervenza F.C. Immune-Complex Glomerulonephritis After COVID-19 Infection. Kidney Int Rep. 2021;6(4):1170-1173. DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2021.02.002.Gupta R.K., Bhargava R., Shaukat A.A., Albert E., Leggat J. Spectrum of podocytopathies in new-onset nephrotic syndrome following COVID-19 disease: a report of 2 cases. BMC Nephrol. 2020;21(1):326. DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-01970-y.Jalalzadeh M., Valencia-Manrique J.C., Boma N., Chaudhari A., Chaudhari S. Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Glomerulonephritis in a Case of Scleroderma After Recent Diagnosis With COVID-19. Cureus. 2021;13(1):e12485. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12485.Sethi S., D'Costa M.R., Hermann S.M., Nasr S.H., Fervenza F.C. Immune-Complex Glomerulonephritis After COVID-19 Infection. Kidney Int Rep. 2021;6(4):1170-1173. DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2021.02.002.Nasr S.H., Kopp J.B. COVID-19-Associated Collapsing Glomerulopathy: An Emerging Entity. Kidney Int Rep. 2020;5(6):759-761. DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.04.030.Jalalzadeh M., Valencia-Manrique J.C., Boma N., Chaudhari A., Chaudhari S. Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Glomerulonephritis in a Case of Scleroderma After Recent Diagnosis With COVID-19. Cureus. 2021;13(1):e12485. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12485.Oniszczuk J., Moktefi A., Mausoleo A., Pallet N., Malard-Castagnet S., Fourati S., El Karoui K., Sahali D., et al. De Novo Focal and Segmental Glomerulosclerosis After COVID-19 in a Patient With a Transplanted Kidney From a Donor With a High-risk APOL1 Variant. Transplantation. 2021;105(1):206-211. DOI: 10.1097/TP.0000000000003432.Nasr S.H., Kopp J.B. COVID-19-Associated Collapsing Glomerulopathy: An Emerging Entity. Kidney Int Rep. 2020;5(6):759-761. DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.04.030.Peracha J., Shah R., Neil D., Harper L., Chanouzas D. MO250: COVID-19 Associated Collapsing Variant of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: A Case Series of 7 Patients from a Single UK Centre. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2022;37(3):gfac067-049.Oniszczuk J., Moktefi A., Mausoleo A., Pallet N., Malard-Castagnet S., Fourati S., El Karoui K., Sahali D., et al. De Novo Focal and Segmental Glomerulosclerosis After COVID-19 in a Patient With a Transplanted Kidney From a Donor With a High-risk APOL1 Variant. Transplantation. 2021;105(1):206-211. DOI: 10.1097/TP.0000000000003432.Yordanov M., Venelinova A., Ananiev J., Robeva R. Collapsing focal-segmental glomerulosclerosis post covid-19. General Medicine. 2022; 24(3):32-35.Peracha J., Shah R., Neil D., Harper L., Chanouzas D. MO250: COVID-19 Associated Collapsing Variant of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: A Case Series of 7 Patients from a Single UK Centre. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2022;37(3):gfac067-049.Izci Duran T., Turkmen E., Dilek M., Sayarlioglu H., Arik N. ANCA-associated vasculitis after COVID-19. Rheumatol Int. 2021;41(8):1523-1529. DOI: 10.1007/s00296-021-04914-3.Yordanov M., Venelinova A., Ananiev J., Robeva R. Collapsing focal-segmental glomerulosclerosis post covid-19. General Medicine. 2022; 24(3):32-35.Fireizen Y., Shahriary C., Imperial M.E., Randhawa I., Nianiaris N., Ovunc B. Pediatric P-ANCA vasculitis following COVID-19. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021;56(10):3422-3424. DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25612.Izci Duran T., Turkmen E., Dilek M., Sayarlioglu H., Arik N. ANCA-associated vasculitis after COVID-19. Rheumatol Int. 2021;41(8):1523-1529. DOI: 10.1007/s00296-021-04914-3.Powell W.T., Campbell J.A., Ross F., Peña Jiménez P., Rudzinski E.R., Dickerson J.A. Acute ANCA Vasculitis and Asymptomatic COVID-19. Pediatrics. 2021;147(4):e2020033092. DOI:10.1542/peds.2020-033092.Fireizen Y., Shahriary C., Imperial M.E., Randhawa I., Nianiaris N., Ovunc B. Pediatric P-ANCA vasculitis following COVID-19. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021;56(10):3422-3424. DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25612.Uppal N.N., Kello N., Shah H.H., Khanin Y., De Oleo I.R., Epstein E., Sharma P., Larsen C.P., et al. De Novo ANCA-Associated Vasculitis With Glomerulonephritis in COVID-19. Kidney Int Rep. 2020;5(11):2079-2083. DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.08.012.Powell W.T., Campbell J.A., Ross F., Peña Jiménez P., Rudzinski E.R., Dickerson J.A. Acute ANCA Vasculitis and Asymptomatic COVID-19. Pediatrics. 2021;147(4):e2020033092. DOI:10.1542/peds.2020-033092.Jalalzadeh M., Valencia-Manrique J.C., Boma N., Chaudhari A., Chaudhari S. Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Glomerulonephritis in a Case of Scleroderma After Recent Diagnosis With COVID-19. Cureus. 2021;13(1):e12485. DOI:10.7759/cureus.12485.Uppal N.N., Kello N., Shah H.H., Khanin Y., De Oleo I.R., Epstein E., Sharma P., Larsen C.P., et al. De Novo ANCA-Associated Vasculitis With Glomerulonephritis in COVID-19. Kidney Int Rep. 2020;5(11):2079-2083. DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.08.012.Jalalzadeh M., Valencia-Manrique J.C., Boma N., Chaudhari A., Chaudhari S. Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Glomerulonephritis in a Case of Scleroderma After Recent Diagnosis With COVID-19. Cureus. 2021;13(1):e12485. DOI:10.7759/cureus.12485.Jalalzadeh M., Valencia-Manrique J.C., Boma N., Chaudhari A., Chaudhari S. Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Glomerulonephritis in a Case of Scleroderma After Recent Diagnosis With COVID-19. Cureus. 2021;13(1):e12485. DOI:10.7759/cureus.12485.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.