kurskvestЧеловек и его здоровьеHumans and their health1998-57461998-5754Kursk State Medical University10.21626/vestnik/2022-3/05kurskvest-1066Research ArticleМЕДИКО-БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИMEDICOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCESФизиологические механизмы действия витамина D в тканях и органах полости рта и возможность его применения в профилактической стоматологии (обзор литературы)Physiological mechanisms of action of vitamin D in oral tissues and organs and the possibility of its use in preventive dentistry (literature review)https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-5790СаркисянНарине ГришаевнаSarkisyanNarine G.

канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры фармакологии и клинической фармакологии, УГМУ, г. Екатеринбург.

Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor at the Department of Therapeutic Dentistry and Propaedeutics of Dental Diseases, USMU, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation

narine_25@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-5790ГайсинаЕлена ФахаргалеевнаGaisinaElena F.

канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры фармакологии и клинической фармакологии, УГМУ, г. Екатеринбург

Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor at the Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, USMU, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation

egaisina68@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9208-9417ДобринскаяМария НиколаевнаDobrinskayaMaria N.

доцент кафедры фармакологии и клинической фармакологии, УГМУ, г. Екатеринбург

Associate Professor at the Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, USMU, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation

maria-nd@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4690-9917ПотоцкаяАрина ДмитриевнаPototskayaArina D.

студент, УГМУ, г. Екатеринбург

student, USMU, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation

pototskayaarina@yandex.ruУральский государственный медицинский университет (УГМУ)РоссияUral State Medical University (USMU)Russian Federation2022271020222534252Copyright © Саркисян Н.Г., Гайсина Е.Ф., Добринская М.Н., Потоцкая А.Д., 20222022Саркисян Н.Г., Гайсина Е.Ф., Добринская М.Н., Потоцкая А.Д.Sarkisyan N.G., Gaisina E.F., Dobrinskaya M.N., Pototskaya A.D.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.kursk-vestnik.ru/jour/article/view/1066

Витамин D оказывает многообразие эффектов на ткани и органы полости рта. Колекальциферол участвует в процессах формирования твердых тканей зубов, метаболизма костной ткани челюстей, местного иммунитета и противоопухолевых реакций. Функциональные особенности эффектов витамина D позволяют задумываться врачам-стоматологам о применении данного вещества в качестве лекарственного средства при лечении и профилактике стоматологических патологий. Цель. Изучить данные литературы о влиянии витамина D на ткани и органы полости рта и возможности применения витамина D в качестве лекарственного препарата в профилактике стоматологических заболеваний. Материалы и методы. Обзор и анализ литературных источников проводился по ключевым словам на электронных ресурсах баз данных Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, The Cochrane Library, РИНЦ. Для написания обзорной статьи были использованы зарубежные и российские источники. Обзор литературы проводился в период с августа 2021 года по март 2022 года. Результаты. Рандомизированные исследования доказывают, что рецепторы к витамину D (колекальциферолу) обнаружены на поверхности почти всех клеток, что объясняет плейотропный эффект витамина D на организм человека. Колекальциферол участвует в процессах образования заместительного дентина в очагах деминерализации. Активный метаболит витамина D оказывает противоопухолевый эффект на ткани полости рта, противовоспалительное и антимикробное действие при заболеваниях пародонта. Колекальциферол оказывает влияние на остеоинтеграцию при проведении имплантации, процессы остеогенеза и остеолизиса во время ортодонтического лечения. Заключение. Витамин D оказывает эффекты на различные ткани и органы полости рта, что делает возможность включения колекальциферола в клинические рекомендации в качестве профилактического препарата при стоматологических заболеваниях перспективной.

Vitamin D has a variety of effects on oral tissues and organs. Cholecalciferol is involved in the processes of formation of enamel and dentin, metabolism of jaw bone tissue, local immunity and antitumor reactions. The functional features of the vitamin D effects reveal the possibility of dental pathology prevention. Objective. To study the literature data on the effect of vitamin D on oral tissues and organs and the possibility of using vitamin D as a drug in the prevention of dental diseases. Materials and methods. The review and analysis of literary sources was carried out by keywords on the electronic resources of the Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, The Cochrane Library, RSCI databases. Russian and foreign sources were used. The literature review was conducted between August 2021 and March 2022. Results. Randomized studies prove that receptors for vitamin D (colecalciferol) are found on the surface of almost all cells, which explains the pleiotropic effect of vitamin D on the human body. Colecalciferol is involved in the formation of substitutive dentin in the foci of demineralization. The active metabolite of vitamin D has an antitumor effect on the oral tissues, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial action in periodontal disease. Colecalciferol influences osseointegration during implantation, the processes of osteogenesis and osteolysis during orthodontic treatment. Conclusion. Vitamin D has effects on various tissues and organs of the oral cavity, which gives the possibility to include cholecalciferol in clinical guidelines for dental diseases prophylaxis.

колекальциферолдефицит витамина DкариесремоделированиепародонтитобзорCholecalciferolvitamin D deficiencycariesremodelingperiodontitisreviewReferencesChristakos S., Dhawan P., Verstuyf A., Verlinden L., Carmeliet G. Vitamin D: metabolism, molecular mechanism of action, and pleiotropic effects. Physiol Rev. 2016;1(96):365-408. DOI: 10.1152/Physrev.00014.2015.Christakos S., Dhawan P., Verstuyf A., Verlinden L., Carmeliet G. Vitamin D: metabolism, molecular mechanism of action, and pleiotropic effects. Physiol Rev. 2016;1(96):365-408. DOI: 10.1152/Physrev.00014.2015.Gil A., Plaza-Diaz J., Mesa M.D. Vitamin D: classic and novel actions. Ann NutrMetab. 2018;2(72):87-95. DOI: 10.1159/000486536.Gil A., Plaza-Diaz J., Mesa M.D. Vitamin D: classic and novel actions. Ann NutrMetab. 2018;2(72):87-95. DOI: 10.1159/000486536.Bouillon R., Manousaki D., Rosen C., Trajanoska K., Rivadeneira F., Richards J.B. The health effects of vitamin D supplementation: evidence from human studies. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2022;18:96-110. DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00593-z.Bouillon R., Manousaki D., Rosen C., Trajanoska K., Rivadeneira F., Richards J.B. The health effects of vitamin D supplementation: evidence from human studies. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2022;18:96-110. DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00593-z.Okoye D.C., Calsolaro V., Niccolai F., Calabrese A.M., Franchi R., Rogani S. A Randomized, Open-Label Study to Assess Efficacy of Weekly Assumption of Cholecalciferol versus Calcifediol in Older Patients with Hypovitaminosis D. Geriatrics. 2022;7(1):1-8. DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics7010013.Okoye D.C., Calsolaro V., Niccolai F., Calabrese A.M., Franchi R., Rogani S. A Randomized, Open-Label Study to Assess Efficacy of Weekly Assumption of Cholecalciferol versus Calcifediol in Older Patients with Hypovitaminosis D. Geriatrics. 2022;7(1):1-8. DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics7010013.Gonnelli S., Dea Tomai M., Camarri S., Lucani B., Franci B., Nuti R., Cafarelli C. Pharmacokinetic profle and efect on bone markers and muscle strength of two daily dosage regimens of calcifediol in osteopenic/osteoporotic postmenopausal women. Geriatrics. 2021;33:2539-2547. DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01779-7Gonnelli S., Dea Tomai M., Camarri S., Lucani B., Franci B., Nuti R., Cafarelli C. Pharmacokinetic profle and efect on bone markers and muscle strength of two daily dosage regimens of calcifediol in osteopenic/osteoporotic postmenopausal women. Geriatrics. 2021;33:2539-2547. DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01779-7Carlberg C. Nutrigenomics of vitamin D nutrients. Nutrients. 2019;3(11):676. DOI: 10.3390/nu11030676Carlberg C. Nutrigenomics of vitamin D nutrients. Nutrients. 2019;3(11):676. DOI: 10.3390/nu11030676Woo S.M., Lim H.S., Jeong K.Y., Kim S.M., Kim W.J., Jung J.Y. Vitamin D Promotes Odontogenic Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Cells via ERK Activation. Mol Cells. 2015;38(7):604-609. DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.2318.Woo S.M., Lim H.S., Jeong K.Y., Kim S.M., Kim W.J., Jung J.Y. Vitamin D Promotes Odontogenic Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Cells via ERK Activation. Mol Cells. 2015;38(7):604-609. DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.2318.Громова О.А., Торшин И.Ю. Витамин D - смена парадигмы. Москва: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2021. 736 с. DOI: 10.33029/9704-5787-0-VDPS-2021-1-736.Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Yu. Vitamin D - a paradigm shift. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2021. 736 p. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.33029/9704-5787-0-VDPS-2021-1-736.Пигарова Е.А., Рожинская Л.Я., Белая Ж.Е., Дзеранова Л.К., Каронова Т.Л., Ильин А.В., Мельниченко Г.А., Дедов И.И. Клинические рекомендации Российской ассоциации эндокринологов по диагностике, лечению и профилактике дефицита витамина D у взрослых. Проблемы эндокринологии. 2016;62(4):60-84. DOI: 10.14341/probl201662460-84. EDN: WMZICFPigarova E.A., Rozhinskaya L.Ya., Belaya Zh.E., Dzeranova L.K., Karonova T.L., Ilyin A.V., Melnichenko G.A., Dedov I.I.Russian Association of Endocrinologists recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of vitamin D deficiency in adults. Problems of Endocrinology. 2016;62(4):60-84 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.14341/probl201662460-84. EDN: WMZICFButtriss J.L., Lanham S.A., Steenson S., Levy L., Swan G.E., Darling A.L., Cashman K.D., Allen R.E. et al. Implementation strategies for improving vitamin D status and increasing vitamin D intake in the UK: current controversies and future perspectives: proceedings of the 2nd Rank Prize Funds Forum on vitamin D. British Journal of Nutrition. 2022;127:1567-1587. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114521002555.Buttriss J.L., Lanham S.A., Steenson S., Levy L., Swan G.E., Darling A.L., Cashman K.D., Allen R.E. et al. Implementation strategies for improving vitamin D status and increasing vitamin D intake in the UK: current controversies and future perspectives: proceedings of the 2nd Rank Prize Funds Forum on vitamin D. British Journal of Nutrition. 2022;127:1567-1587. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114521002555.Grigalavicius M., Iani V., Juzeniene A. Layer Thickness of SPF 30 Sunscreen and Formation of Pre-vitamin D. Anticancer Res. 2016;36(3):1409-1415.Grigalavicius M., Iani V., Juzeniene A. Layer Thickness of SPF 30 Sunscreen and Formation of Pre-vitamin D. Anticancer Res. 2016;36(3):1409-1415.Петрушкина А.А., Пигарова Е.А., Рожинская Л.Я. Эпидемиология дефицита витамина D в Российской Федерации. Остеопороз и остеопатии. 2018;21(3):15-20. DOI: 10.14341/osteo10038. EDN: ZCCAYXPetrushkina A.A., Pigarova E.A., Rozhinskaya L.Ya. Epidemiology of vitamin D deficiency in the Russian Federation. Osteoporoz i osteopatii. 2018;21(3):15-20 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.14341/osteo10038. EDN: ZCCAYXBilezikian J.P., Formenti A.M., Adler R.A., Binkley N., Bouillon R., Lazaretti-Castro M., Marcocci C., Napoli N., Rizzoli R., Giustina A. Vitamin D: Dosing, levels, form, and route of administration: Does one approach fit all? Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2021;22:1201-1218. DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09693-7.Bilezikian J.P., Formenti A.M., Adler R.A., Binkley N., Bouillon R., Lazaretti-Castro M., Marcocci C., Napoli N., Rizzoli R., Giustina A. Vitamin D: Dosing, levels, form, and route of administration: Does one approach fit all? Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2021;22:1201-1218. DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09693-7.Botelho J., Machado V., Proença L., Mendes J. Vitamin D deficiency and oral health: a comprehensive review. Nutrients. 2020;1(13):166-182. DOI: 10.3390/nu12051471.Botelho J., Machado V., Proença L., Mendes J. Vitamin D deficiency and oral health: a comprehensive review. Nutrients. 2020;1(13):166-182. DOI: 10.3390/nu12051471.Houari S., Loiodice S., Jedeon K., Berdal A., Babajko S. Expression of Steroid Receptors in Ameloblasts during Amelogenesis in Rat Incisors. Front Physiol. 2016;7:503-512. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00503.Houari S., Loiodice S., Jedeon K., Berdal A., Babajko S. Expression of Steroid Receptors in Ameloblasts during Amelogenesis in Rat Incisors. Front Physiol. 2016;7:503-512. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00503.Николева В.В., Терещенко Л.Ф., Волобуев В.В. Роль витамина D в развитии стоматологических заболеваний (обзор литературы). Colloquium-journal. 2019;10(34):26-28. EDN: YWGGDV.Nikoleva V.V., Tereshchenko L.F., Volobuev V.V. The role of vitamin D in the development of dental diseases (literature review). Colloquium-journal. 2019;10(34):26-28 (in Russ.). EDN: YWGGDV.Фирсова И.В., Мокрова Е.А., Заводовский Б.В., Македонова Ю.А. Витамин Д и его роль в развитии стоматологических заболеваний (обзорная статья). Современные проблемы науки и образования. 2014;1(6):24-36Firsova I.V., Mokrova E.A., Zavodovskiy B.V., Makedonova Yu.A. Vitamin D and its role in the development of dental diseases (review article). Sovremennyye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya. 2014;1(6):24-36 (in Russ.). EDN: TGQUNZ.Cagetti M.G., Wolf T.G., Tennert C., Camoni N., Lingström P., Campus G. The Role of vitamins in oral health. A systematic review and meta-analysis.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(3):938. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030938.Cagetti M.G., Wolf T.G., Tennert C., Camoni N., Lingström P., Campus G. The Role of vitamins in oral health. A systematic review and meta-analysis.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(3):938. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030938.Diachkova E., Trifonova D., Morozova E., et al. Vitamin D and Its Role in Oral Diseases Development. Scoping Review. Dent J (Basel). 2021;9(11):129. DOI: 10.3390/dj9110129Diachkova E., Trifonova D., Morozova E., et al. Vitamin D and Its Role in Oral Diseases Development. Scoping Review. Dent J (Basel). 2021;9(11):129. DOI: 10.3390/dj9110129Fathi N., Ahmadian E., Shahi S., Roshangar L., Khan H., Kouhsoltani M., MalekiDizaj S., Sharifi S. Role of vitamin D and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in oral cancer. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;109: 391-401. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.102.Fathi N., Ahmadian E., Shahi S., Roshangar L., Khan H., Kouhsoltani M., MalekiDizaj S., Sharifi S. Role of vitamin D and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in oral cancer. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;109: 391-401. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.102.Ходжаева М.Ю., Ортикова Д. Недостаточность витамина D и состояние тканей полости рта. World science. 2020;1(4):37-42. DOI: 10.31435/rsglobal_ws/30042020/7023.Khodzhaeva M.Yu., Ortikova D. Vitamin D deficiency and oral tissue state. World science. 2020;1(4):37-42. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.31435/rsglobal_ws/30042020/7023.Казимирко В.К., Мальцев В.И., Коваленко В.Н. Остеопороз: патогенез, клиника, профилактика и лечение. Киев: Морион, 2006. 160 с.Kazimirko V.K., Maltsev V.I., Kovalenko V.N. Osteoporosis: pathogenesis, clinic, prevention and treatment. Kyiv: Morion, 2006. 160 p. (in Russ.)Дедов И.И., Мельниченко Г.А., Белая Ж.Е., Дзеранова Л.К., Каронова Т.Л., Пигарова Е.В., Поваляева А.А., Рожинская Л.Я. и др. Клинические рекомендации: дефицит витамина D. 2021;56Dedov I.I., Mel'nichenko G.A., Belaya Zh.E., Dzeranova L.K., Karonova T.L., Pigarova E.V., Povalyaeva A.A., Rozhinskaya L.Ya., Suplotova L.A., Troshina E.A. Klinicheskie rekomendacii: deficit vitamina D. 2021;56 (in Russ.)Van de Peppel J., Van Leeuwen J.P. Vitamin D and genenet works in human osteoblasts. Front Physiol. 2014;5:137. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00137.Van de Peppel J., Van Leeuwen J.P. Vitamin D and genenet works in human osteoblasts. Front Physiol. 2014;5:137. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00137.Pike J.W., Christakos S. Biology and Mechanisms of Action of the Vitamin D Hormone. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2017;46(4):815-843. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2017.07.001.Pike J.W., Christakos S. Biology and Mechanisms of Action of the Vitamin D Hormone. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2017;46(4):815-843. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2017.07.001.Almoammar K. Vitamin D and orthodontics: an insight review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2018;10: 165-170. DOI: 10.2147/CCIDE.S157840.Almoammar K. Vitamin D and orthodontics: an insight review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2018;10: 165-170. DOI: 10.2147/CCIDE.S157840.Nimeri G., Kau C.H., Abou-Kheir N.S., Corona R. Acceleration of tooth movement during orthodontic treatment - a frontier in Orthodontics. Prog Orthod. 2013;14:42. DOI: 10.1186/2196-1042-14-42.Nimeri G., Kau C.H., Abou-Kheir N.S., Corona R. Acceleration of tooth movement during orthodontic treatment - a frontier in Orthodontics. Prog Orthod. 2013;14:42. DOI: 10.1186/2196-1042-14-42.Alsulaimani L., Alqarni A., Almarghlani A., Hassoubah M. The relationship between low serum Vitamin D level and early dental implant failure: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2022;14(1):21264. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.21264.Alsulaimani L., Alqarni A., Almarghlani A., Hassoubah M. The relationship between low serum Vitamin D level and early dental implant failure: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2022;14(1):21264. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.21264.Коваленко И.П. Теоретическое обоснование использования реминерализирующих препаратов и физических факторов при лечении неосложненного перелома коронки зуба. Современная стоматология. 2015;2(61):18-22Kovalenko I.P. Theoretical case remineralizes agents and physical factors in treatment of uncomplicated breaking tooth crown. Sovremennaya stomatologiya. 2015;2(61):18-22 (in Russ.). EDN: VGIFGN.Liu M.M., Li W.T., Xia X.M., Wang F., MacDougall M., Chen S. Dentine sialophosphoprotein signal in dentineogenesis and dentine regeneration. Eur Cell Mater. 2021;42:43-62. DOI: 10.22203/eCM.v042a04.Liu M.M., Li W.T., Xia X.M., Wang F., MacDougall M., Chen S. Dentine sialophosphoprotein signal in dentineogenesis and dentine regeneration. Eur Cell Mater. 2021;42:43-62. DOI: 10.22203/eCM.v042a04.Вавилова Т.П. Биохимия тканей и жидкостей полости рта: учебное пособие. Москва: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2019. 208 с.Vavilova T.P. Biochemistry of tissues and fluids of the oral cavity: a textbook. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2019. 208 p. (in Russ.)Balic A. Biology Explaining Tooth Repair and Regeneration. Gerontology. 2018;64(4):382-388. DOI: 10.1159/000486592.Balic A. Biology Explaining Tooth Repair and Regeneration. Gerontology. 2018;64(4):382-388. DOI: 10.1159/000486592.Blufstein A., Behm C., Kubin B., Gahn J., Rausch-Fan X., Moritz A., Andrukhov O. Effect of vitamin D3 on the osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stromal cells under inflammatory conditions. J Periodontal Res. 2021;56(3):579-588. DOI: 10.1111/jre.12858.Blufstein A., Behm C., Kubin B., Gahn J., Rausch-Fan X., Moritz A., Andrukhov O. Effect of vitamin D3 on the osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stromal cells under inflammatory conditions. J Periodontal Res. 2021;56(3):579-588. DOI: 10.1111/jre.12858.Мокрова Е.А. Витамин Д и его роль в развитии заболеваний пародонта. Bulletin of Medical Internet Conferences. 2015;5(12):1738. EDN: VKBPLB.Mokrova E.A. Vitamin D and its role in the development of periodontal diseases. Bulletin of Medical Internet Conferences. 2015;5(12):1738 (in Russ.). EDN: VKBPLB.Национальная программа «Недостаточность витамина D у детей и подростков Российской Федерации: современные подходы к коррекции». Москва: ПедиатрЪ, 2021. 116 с.The national program "Vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents of the Russian Federation: modern approaches to correction". Moscow: Pediatr, 2021. 116 p. (in Russ.)Pandya M., Lin T., Li L., Allen M.J., Jin T., Luan X., Diekwisch G. Posttranslational Amelogenin Processing and Changes in Matrix Assembly during Enamel Development. Front Physiol. 2017;8(790): 35-41. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00790.Pandya M., Lin T., Li L., Allen M.J., Jin T., Luan X., Diekwisch G. Posttranslational Amelogenin Processing and Changes in Matrix Assembly during Enamel Development. Front Physiol. 2017;8(790): 35-41. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00790.Said R., Lobanova L., Papagerakis S., Papagerakis P. Calcium Sets the Clock in Ameloblasts. Front Physiol. 2020;11(920):345-352. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00920.Said R., Lobanova L., Papagerakis S., Papagerakis P. Calcium Sets the Clock in Ameloblasts. Front Physiol. 2020;11(920):345-352. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00920.Khammissa R.A.G., Fourie J., Motswaledi M.H., Ballyram R., Lemmer J., Feller L. The Biological Activities of Vitamin D and Its Receptor in Relation to Calcium and Bone Homeostasis, Cancer, Immune and Cardiovascular Systems, Skin Biology, and Oral Health. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:9276380. DOI: 10.1155/2018/9276380.Khammissa R.A.G., Fourie J., Motswaledi M.H., Ballyram R., Lemmer J., Feller L. The Biological Activities of Vitamin D and Its Receptor in Relation to Calcium and Bone Homeostasis, Cancer, Immune and Cardiovascular Systems, Skin Biology, and Oral Health. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:9276380. DOI: 10.1155/2018/9276380.Chhonkar A., Gupta A., Arya V.Comparison of vitamin D level of children with severe early childhood caries and children with no caries.Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2018;3(11):199-204. DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1511.Chhonkar A., Gupta A., Arya V.Comparison of vitamin D level of children with severe early childhood caries and children with no caries.Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2018;3(11):199-204. DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1511.Carvalho Silva C., Gavinha S., Manso M.C., et al. Serum Levels of Vitamin D and Dental Caries in 7-Year-Old Children in Porto Metropolitan Area. Nutrients. 2021;13(1):166. DOI: 10.3390/nu13010166.Carvalho Silva C., Gavinha S., Manso M.C., et al. Serum Levels of Vitamin D and Dental Caries in 7-Year-Old Children in Porto Metropolitan Area. Nutrients. 2021;13(1):166. DOI: 10.3390/nu13010166.Schroth R.J., Rabbani R., Loewen G., Moffatt M.E., Vitamin D and dental caries in children. J Dent Res. 2016;95(2):173-179. DOI: 10.1177/0022034515616335.Schroth R.J., Rabbani R., Loewen G., Moffatt M.E., Vitamin D and dental caries in children. J Dent Res. 2016;95(2):173-179. DOI: 10.1177/0022034515616335.Schroth R.J., Lavelle C., Tate R., Bruce S., Billings R.J., Moffatt M.E. Prenatal vitamin D and dental caries in infants. Pediatrics. 2014;133(5):1277-1284. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-2215.Schroth R.J., Lavelle C., Tate R., Bruce S., Billings R.J., Moffatt M.E. Prenatal vitamin D and dental caries in infants. Pediatrics. 2014;133(5):1277-1284. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-2215.Kim I.J., Lee H.S., Ju H.J., Na J.Y., Oh H.W. A cross-sectional study on the association between vitamin D levels and caries in the permanent dentition of Korean children. BMC Oral Health. 2018;18:43. DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0505-7.Kim I.J., Lee H.S., Ju H.J., Na J.Y., Oh H.W. A cross-sectional study on the association between vitamin D levels and caries in the permanent dentition of Korean children. BMC Oral Health. 2018;18:43. DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0505-7.Bener A., Al Darwish M.S., Hoffmann G.F. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of dental caries among young children: a public health problem. Indian J Oral Sci. 2013;4:75-82. DOI: 10.4103/0976-6944.11993.Bener A., Al Darwish M.S., Hoffmann G.F. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of dental caries among young children: a public health problem. Indian J Oral Sci. 2013;4:75-82. DOI: 10.4103/0976-6944.11993.Hujoel P.P. Vitamin D and dental caries in controlled clinical trials: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2013;71(2):88-97. DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00544Hujoel P.P. Vitamin D and dental caries in controlled clinical trials: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2013;71(2):88-97. DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00544Grant W.B. A review of the role of solar ultraviolet-B irradiance and vitamin D in reducing risk of dental caries. Dermatoendocrinol. 2011;3(3):193-198. DOI: 10.4161/derm.3.3.15841.Grant W.B. A review of the role of solar ultraviolet-B irradiance and vitamin D in reducing risk of dental caries. Dermatoendocrinol. 2011;3(3):193-198. DOI: 10.4161/derm.3.3.15841.Wójcik D., Krzewska A., Szalewski L., Pietryka-Michałowska E., Szalewska M., Krzewski S., Pels E., Beń-Skowronek I. Dental caries and vitamin D3 in children with growth hormone deficiency. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(8):9811. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000009811.Wójcik D., Krzewska A., Szalewski L., Pietryka-Michałowska E., Szalewska M., Krzewski S., Pels E., Beń-Skowronek I. Dental caries and vitamin D3 in children with growth hormone deficiency. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(8):9811. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000009811.Dudding T., Thomas S.J., Duncan K., Lawlor D.A., Timpson N.J. Re-Examining the Association between Vitamin D and Childhood Caries. PLoS One. 2015;10(12):0143769. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143769.Dudding T., Thomas S.J., Duncan K., Lawlor D.A., Timpson N.J. Re-Examining the Association between Vitamin D and Childhood Caries. PLoS One. 2015;10(12):0143769. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143769.Ismailova A., White J.H. Vitamin D, infections and immunity. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2022;23: 265-277. DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09679-5.Ismailova A., White J.H. Vitamin D, infections and immunity. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2022;23: 265-277. DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09679-5.Bocheva G., Slominski R.M., Slominski A.T. The Impact of Vitamin D on Skin Aging.Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(16):1-18. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169097.Bocheva G., Slominski R.M., Slominski A.T. The Impact of Vitamin D on Skin Aging.Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(16):1-18. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169097.Khammissa R.A.G., Ballyram R., Jadwat Y., Fourie J., Lemmer J., Feller L. Vitamin D Deficiency as It Relates to Oral Immunity and Chronic Periodontitis.Int J Dent. 2018;2018:7315797. DOI: 10.1155/2018/7315797.Khammissa R.A.G., Ballyram R., Jadwat Y., Fourie J., Lemmer J., Feller L. Vitamin D Deficiency as It Relates to Oral Immunity and Chronic Periodontitis.Int J Dent. 2018;2018:7315797. DOI: 10.1155/2018/7315797.Grenier D., Morin M.P., Fournier-Larente J., Chen H. Vitamin D inhibits the growth of and virulence factor gene expression by Porphyromonas gingivalis and blocks activation of the nuclear factor kappa B transcription factor in monocytes. J Periodontal Res. 2016;51(3):359-365. DOI: 10.1111/jre.12315.Grenier D., Morin M.P., Fournier-Larente J., Chen H. Vitamin D inhibits the growth of and virulence factor gene expression by Porphyromonas gingivalis and blocks activation of the nuclear factor kappa B transcription factor in monocytes. J Periodontal Res. 2016;51(3):359-365. DOI: 10.1111/jre.12315.Jagelavičienė E., Vaitkevičienė I., Šilingaitė D., Šinkūnaitė E., Daugėlaitė G. The Relationship between Vitamin D and Periodontal. Medicina (Kaunas). 2018;54(3):45-51. DOI: 10.3390/medicina54030045.Jagelavičienė E., Vaitkevičienė I., Šilingaitė D., Šinkūnaitė E., Daugėlaitė G. The Relationship between Vitamin D and Periodontal. Medicina (Kaunas). 2018;54(3):45-51. DOI: 10.3390/medicina54030045.Koivisto O., Hanel A., Carlberg C. Key Vitamin D Target Genes with Functions in the Immune System. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):1140-1146. DOI: 10.3390/nu12041140.Koivisto O., Hanel A., Carlberg C. Key Vitamin D Target Genes with Functions in the Immune System. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):1140-1146. DOI: 10.3390/nu12041140.Dixon D., Hildebolt C.F., Miley D.D., Garcia M.N., Pilgram T.K., Couture R., Anderson Spearie C., Civitelli R. Calcium and vitamin D use among adults in periodontal disease maintenance programmes. Br Dent J. 2009;206(12):627-631. DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2009.519.Dixon D., Hildebolt C.F., Miley D.D., Garcia M.N., Pilgram T.K., Couture R., Anderson Spearie C., Civitelli R. Calcium and vitamin D use among adults in periodontal disease maintenance programmes. Br Dent J. 2009;206(12):627-631. DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2009.519.Khan F.R., Iqbal N.T., Ahmed K., Ahmad T., Hussain R., Bhutta Z.A. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Salivary Cytokines of Pregnant Women: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Int Acad Periodontol. 2017;19(4):118-125.Khan F.R., Iqbal N.T., Ahmed K., Ahmad T., Hussain R., Bhutta Z.A. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Salivary Cytokines of Pregnant Women: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Int Acad Periodontol. 2017;19(4):118-125.Abreu O.J., Tatakis D.N., Elias-Boneta A.R., Del Valle L.L., Hernandez R., Pousa M.S., Palacios C. Low vitamin D status strongly associated with periodontitis in Puerto Rican adults. BMC Oral Health. 2016;16:89. DOI: 10.1186/s12903-016-0288-7.Abreu O.J., Tatakis D.N., Elias-Boneta A.R., Del Valle L.L., Hernandez R., Pousa M.S., Palacios C. Low vitamin D status strongly associated with periodontitis in Puerto Rican adults. BMC Oral Health. 2016;16:89. DOI: 10.1186/s12903-016-0288-7.Antonoglou G.N., Suominen A.L., Knuuttila M., Ylöstalo P., Ojala M., Männistö S., Marniemi J., Lundqvist A. et al. Associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and periodontal pocketing and gingival bleeding: Results of a study in a non-smoking population in Finland. Periodontol. 2015;86:755-765. DOI: 10.1902/jop.2015.140262.Antonoglou G.N., Suominen A.L., Knuuttila M., Ylöstalo P., Ojala M., Männistö S., Marniemi J., Lundqvist A. et al. Associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and periodontal pocketing and gingival bleeding: Results of a study in a non-smoking population in Finland. Periodontol. 2015;86:755-765. DOI: 10.1902/jop.2015.140262.Lee H.J., Je D.I., Won S.J., Paik D.I., Bae K.H. Association between vitamin D deficiency and periodontal status in current smokers.Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2015;43:471-478. DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12173.Lee H.J., Je D.I., Won S.J., Paik D.I., Bae K.H. Association between vitamin D deficiency and periodontal status in current smokers.Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2015;43:471-478. DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12173.Rivera C., Oliveira A.K., Costa R.A.P., De Rossi T., PaesLeme A.F. Prognostic Biomarkers in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review. Oral Oncol. 2017;72:38-47. DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.07.003.Rivera C., Oliveira A.K., Costa R.A.P., De Rossi T., PaesLeme A.F. Prognostic Biomarkers in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review. Oral Oncol. 2017;72:38-47. DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.07.003.Udeabor S.E., Albejadi A.M., Al-Shehri W.A., Onwuka C.I., Al-Fathani S.Y., Al Nazeh A.A., Aldhahri S.F., Alshahrani F.A. Serum Levels of 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D in Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Making a Case for Chemoprevention. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2020;6:428-432. DOI: 10.1002/cre2.294.Udeabor S.E., Albejadi A.M., Al-Shehri W.A., Onwuka C.I., Al-Fathani S.Y., Al Nazeh A.A., Aldhahri S.F., Alshahrani F.A. Serum Levels of 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D in Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Making a Case for Chemoprevention. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2020;6:428-432. DOI: 10.1002/cre2.294.Anand A., Singh S., Sonkar A.A., Husain N., Singh K.R., Singh S., Kushwaha J.K. Expression of Vitamin D Receptor and Vitamin D Status in Patients with Oral Neoplasms and Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Quality of Life in Advanced Cancer Treatment. Contemp Oncol. 2017;21:145. DOI: 10.5114/wo.2017.68623.Anand A., Singh S., Sonkar A.A., Husain N., Singh K.R., Singh S., Kushwaha J.K. Expression of Vitamin D Receptor and Vitamin D Status in Patients with Oral Neoplasms and Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Quality of Life in Advanced Cancer Treatment. Contemp Oncol. 2017;21:145. DOI: 10.5114/wo.2017.68623.Mostafa B.E.D., Abdelmageed H.M., El-Begermy M.M., Taha M.S., Hamdy T.A.E., Omran A., Lotfy N. Value of Vitamin D Assessment in Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer before Treatment. Egypt J Otolaryngol. 2016;32:279-286. DOI: 10.4103/1012-5574.192550.Mostafa B.E.D., Abdelmageed H.M., El-Begermy M.M., Taha M.S., Hamdy T.A.E., Omran A., Lotfy N. Value of Vitamin D Assessment in Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer before Treatment. Egypt J Otolaryngol. 2016;32:279-286. DOI: 10.4103/1012-5574.192550.Andrukhov O., Andrukhova O., Hulan U., Tang Y., Bantleon H.P., Rausch-Fan X., Makishima M. Both 25-Hydroxyvitamin-D3and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin-D3Reduces Inflammatory Response in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):90-103. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090301.Andrukhov O., Andrukhova O., Hulan U., Tang Y., Bantleon H.P., Rausch-Fan X., Makishima M. Both 25-Hydroxyvitamin-D3and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin-D3Reduces Inflammatory Response in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):90-103. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090301.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.